Discussion on the Collaborative Training Mechanism of "Practice Driven, Multidimensional Integration and Innovation Leading" for Professional Postgraduates of Food Science under the Background of "Rural Revitalization"
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摘要: 培养高层次复合应用型专业学位硕士既是建设一流大学、一流学科的必然需要,也是主动服务乡村振兴战略实施的重要途径。食品专业作为发展“三农”成效的中坚力量,探究新时代“乡村振兴”背景下其专业型硕士研究生的协同培养机制就显得尤为重要。依据高等教育改革的新要求以及全国农业专业学位研究生教育指导委员会对涉农专业硕士的指导要求,本文探究了食品类专业型硕士的协同培养机制,在分析当前专业型硕士培养的差异度与内涵建设促进途径的基础上,提出以“乡村振兴”为时代契机,是食品类专业型学位硕士培养实现“立地升华”的重要体现,并结合协同创新培养的途径,提出跨越式的“一三三”协同培养体系,同时进一步以“四化”为主线构建“实践驱动、多维融合、创新引领”的协同培养机制。该协同培养机制充分缔合了新时代下的教育资源,对发挥食品类专业型研究生的人力资源价值,完成助力乡村振兴,实现教育与社会多维化发展具有重要的时代意义。Abstract: Cultivating high-level composite applied professional postgraduates with master's degree is not only an inevitable need for building first-class universities and disciplines, but also a significant way to actively serve the implementation of rural revitalization strategies. As a backbone of the development of "agriculture, countryside and farmers", it is particularly important to explore the collaborative training mechanism for professional postgraduates in the context of "rural revitalization" in the new era. Based on the new requirements of higher education reform and the guidance spirit of the national agricultural professional postgraduates of education guidance committee for the master's degree related agriculture, this article explores the collaborative training mechanism of food related master's degree. On the basis of analyzing the differences and promotion channels of connotation construction in the current professional master's education, it is proposed to take "rural revitalization" as an opportunity currently, which is an important manifestation of the "sublimation" of food professional master's education. Meanwhile, combined with the approach of collaborative innovation training, a leapfrog "one-three-three" collaborative training system is proposed, and a collaborative training mechanism of "practice driven, multi-dimensional integration, and innovation leading" is further constructed with the "four modernizations" to serve as the main line. This collaborative training mechanism fully integrates educational resources in the new era which plays a vital role in leveraging the human resource value of food postgraduates, assisting rural revitalization, and achieving multidimensional development of education and society.
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继“211”“985”工程之后,2015年10月24日,国务院印发《统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案》,对统筹推进我国建设世界一流大学和一流学科建设规划了重要的教育战略布局。与此同时,随着社会经济、行业发展的迫切需求,高层次人才的专业化培育显得尤为重要。在国家与社会发展需求下,应用型专业学位硕士研究生的培养逐步成为研究生教育的共同课题[1],专业研究生教育无论从数量上,还是培养模式与目标上都呈现出崭新的态势。到2017年初,《国家教育事业发展“十三五”规划》中再次提出探索专业学位研究生开放式培养模式,加快培养能够解决一线实际问题、宽口径的高层次复合型人才的新要求。由此,专业学位研究生教育已经进入了由规模扩大到质量提升、由实践探索到成熟完善的关键发展期[2],其教育体制创新也形成了一个“百家争鸣”的局面。这也预示着在党的十九大光辉精神的指引下,在新时代的推动下,全日制专业学位硕士研究生培养迎来我国研究生培养目标的一个重大改革。
同样在“十三五”期间,习近平总书记在党的十九大报告中提出了乡村振兴的伟大战略,国务院总理李克强2018年在政府工作报告中再次提到大力实施乡村振兴战略的总体号召,“党的二十大报告”也明确提出了全面推进乡村振兴[3],由此如何将人才振兴行之有效,成为高等院校涉农专业培养模式的又一挑战和机遇。伴随着2021年中央一号文件的出台,也预示着加速农业农村现代化进程是当前一项重大的历史任务[4]。随之高等院校也迎来了在学科建设上寻求以“扎实实践”为根基的“双一流”的突破,探究在应用型人才培育上以“融合教育”为动力[5]、以“乡村振兴”战略为契机的教育模式改革,形成了二者并轨双行的创新局面,这也恰恰体现了高等教育发展与社会经济增长的协调共进、相互依存以及一脉相承的关系[6]。作为涉农紧密相关的食品加工与安全专业硕士的培养,理应肩负重任,挖掘专业涉农契合领域突破口,发挥“以涉农产业技术需求为指引、以研究生创新产业技能为动力、以涉农科技小院服务[7]为研究起点”的多环节作用,最终实现培养农业产业技术性人才的终极目标。因此,本文在分析当前食品类专业学位硕士培养的差异度与内涵建设促进途径的基础上,从价值体现与有效方式两个方面进一步阐述“乡村振兴”政策助力下协同培养契机的形成,并进一步阐明食品类专业型学位硕士“一三三”协同培养机制的构建。该培养体系的构建与形成,以期在发挥人力资源价值,全面提升食品类专业型研究生的培养方面发挥出重要的作用。
1. 专业型硕士培养的差异度与内涵建设的促进途径
优越的政策特征和丰富的产业背景,成为食品类专业型硕士培养的强有力依托与支柱。国务院学位委员会、教育部在印发《专业学位研究生教育发展方案(2020~2025)》中指出:专业学位研究生教育是社会特定职业领域发展的需要,是进一步培养较强专业能力、职业素养以及具备创造性的高层次应用型专门人才[8]。因此,专业学位研究生在新时代教育体系步伐进程中呈现出不可替代的态势。专业型硕士研究生教育的高质量发展,是教育理念、教育教学体系、课程体系以及培养体系(师资队伍、教育模式等)共同提升的综合体[9]。特别是在乡村振兴战略背景之下,食品产业分布格局在优化产能的催动下,表现出优越广阔的市场空间[10],这也为食品类专业学位研究生开放、实践式培养,加速解决一线产业需求的高层次复合型人才提供了饱满的产业资源支持。
然而,培养模式“传统化”成为专业型学位硕士培养过程中问题形成的主要缘由。食品专业型硕士受到学术型硕士边缘性、交叉性以及广泛性等培养特征的影响,使得培养进程的执行性与培养意图相脱节,培养过程中的具体操作与人才定位的达成度存在一定的偏离,从而从教学体系、培养体系以及课程体系多维层面中表现出差异性问题与不足,然而内涵建设的提升,需要理解与完善多维体系间的点阵共促关系,加深关系网络下“行为机制”的促进与发展(图1)。以培养体系与课程体系为例,通过“完善体制”的行为机制,从而加强导师制的培养效力,进而有效地明晰专业学位硕士的培养模式;同时,通过“协同育人”的行为机制,从本质上完善课程体系中内容设计的不足与缺失。因此,准确有效、透彻地分析培养过程中现存问题的类别与层次,是明晰食品类专业型硕士培养定位趋同于学术型硕士的有效方式[11]。
2. “乡村振兴”政策助力引导食品类专业学位硕士协同培养契机的形成
2.1 “乡村振兴”是食品类专业学位硕士培养实现“立地升华”的重要体现
“乡村振兴”不仅仅是政策下经济发展的体现,更容易促成项目成果的“立地升华”。在此宏观背景下,形成了绿色食品、农业种植加工、畜产品开发等多领域的集合[12],这为食品类专业型硕士的培育提供了广阔的科研舞台,恰恰也印证和较为实际地贯彻落实习近平总书记关于“把论文写在祖国的大地上”的重要指示精神。食品类专业型硕士是涉农高层次技术人才重要的培养来源之一,是构建支撑服务乡村振兴的学科体系重要组成部分,是助力地方政府实施乡村振兴人才培训工程重要的构成环节。因此,从专业型硕士研究生培养的角度出发,精准对接乡村振兴中的“对口”项目,探索、研究以及解决其迫切需求,恰恰是专
2.2 瞄准政策契机,多方授纳是促成协同培养形成的有效方式
研究生的培养不仅仅需要项目支撑,校内外资源的协同培养更是提升培养质量的有力推手。乡村振兴的实施,使得一系列校内外合作平台搭建的政策与机遇不断涌现,为专业型硕士研究生的培养提供了较多的资源与便利。特别是食品加工与安全、生物与医药(食品方向)两个专业,在实践中寻求驱行动力、在多维平台中谋求融合元素,以创新意识多方争取能够为提升专业学位硕士培养服务的契机,从而开创以高校为教育教学主体,社会优良资源为助力的全方位协同培养机制。因此,政策信息的把握、社会资源的广泛接纳,是提升专业型硕士研究生素质培养的有效方式。
由此可见,在食品类专业型硕士的培养过程中,从研究项目的立意到培养资源的融合,乡村振兴背景下政策的助力与引导,都将会成为其协同培养的有利契机。
3. 食品专业型学位硕士协同培养机制的行为构建
协同培养机制的形成,往往离不开“主线”的指引和科学合理的改革布局。研究生培养与教育是坚持以“四为”方针为主线指引,同时也是深度对国家战略需求积极探索的必然结果[13]。因此,在“乡村振兴”战略的背景下,食品类专业型硕士的培养行为应更加注重培养方案的顶层设计、课程体系的定位以及关键性科研根基的稳固提升,同时以涉农技术、融农创新及系农纽带为促动,形成牢固的“根基”建设构想,以此完成协同培养机制行为构建的初级阶段,即在思政引领下,实现学科建设与多维融合并轨双行的良好开端。
其次,乡村振兴下的农业经济属性已经不只是“物质”属性,而农产品属性的转变已经打破观念,向多维创新的方向发展[14]。人才、科研、社会作为体系建设的内联要素,更加应该着眼于“立地”型选题,向“创新”提升迈进。由此层层递进,借助“双一流”营造下的资源优势、人才战略优势以及科学精神优势[15],最终实现以“实践驱动、多维融合、创新引领”为核心且体系健全的专业学位研究生教育综合改革的布局方略(图2)。更重要的是,协同培养机制的行为构建不仅需要总体的布局方略,更要形成科学的培养体系和特色鲜明的协同培养链。
3.1 食品类专业学位硕士“一三三”协同培养体系的形成
在“双一流”建设的整体激励下,专业性与时代性使得食品类专业学位研究生承担着更多的历史重任,科技小院恰恰成为专业型硕士培养的基地,在其技术创新[16]的推动下,将人才培养、科技创新、社会服务集合于一体[17],形成以科技小院为辐射,以专业技能与科学素养为两大从动力的全方位驱动模式。而驱动的核心要素是以“实践”为启始、以“理论”为印证、以“创新”为发展并最终回归于“实践”的不断迭代递升的共促机制。这就要求在原有的培养方式上有所突破,秉承“三全”育人体系教育改革的重要方向[18],以思政引领为先机,将解决行业、农业以及教育实践环节中的实际问题作为根本初心与使命,形成以“科研反哺”与“模式改革”互为补给的“主体”体系框架,实现跨越式的“一三三”协同培养体系,即一个“主体”体系架构,三个助推“飞行翼”以及三项深度“融合”,如图3所示。
3.1.1 内修模式改革、外筑平台下的科研反哺,稳固一个教学“主体”建设
研究生教育强调创新精神与实践能力的培养[19],因此需要内外兼修,有所突破,而内修的核心恰恰是围绕课程体系的方法革新[20]以及高标准(双一流、卓越工程师)下质量的全新性[21]。从顶层设计的角度讲,需要进一步完善专业学位硕士培养方案的制定,明确培养目标、定位关键课程以及课程之间的联系。同时引入企业专家讲座、农业加工技术论坛以及虚拟课堂[22]等,通过各领域专家接力式巡讲,打造《现代农业创新与乡村振兴战略》课程的特色,从理念、内涵以及模式上为改革服务。
同时,外筑平台下的科研反哺,教学成效实现和而不同。发挥平台优势,在构建教学质量制度系统、教学质量组织系统、教学质量评价系统和教学反馈系统的基础上,引进吸纳更多的社会团体,为专业学位硕士人才培养提供实践途径,从而强化岗前技能,助力就业[23]。
3.1.2 推进机制形成进程,形成“科技小院”独特的指引与创新激发效应
科技小院的培养模式是涉农专业研究生科学研究能够“立地生根”的重要体现,也成为培养务实高层次技术人才的有效途径。在其独特影响力的指引下,作为食品领域专业型学位硕士能够更好地与食品产业原料来源的一线生产者建立“同乡”网络,在实践中凝练科学问题,形成以实践共同体为新支点的乡村振兴要务[24−25]。同时,发挥高级应用型专业人才特长,以创新意识的融合性建设实现研究生培养过程中的新突破,将理论构架、技能培养和科学素养的提升有机联动,也是响应李克强总理“大众创业,万众创新”战略目标的重要组成部分,有着重要的时代趋势性[26]。另外,创新培养也恰是“科技小院”培养模式的闪光点,让其有效地激发“实践—理论—创新—再实践”四段式培养进程,形成辐射性效应,借助“双一流”学科现有优势,激发学生专业技能、科学素养与工匠精神。
3.2 “四化”主线下的食品类专业学位硕士协同培养链的形成
3.2.1 加强巩固多层次平台建设下“实践驱动”的根基
多层次课外科研训练平台的构建、多形式国际化交流合作的建立以及多维实践交流平台的搭建是引领未来食品产业发展的专业人才培养的新模式[27]。其形成要素是以产业学院、示范基地、综合改革试点以及产业联盟等一系列平台为集合,其中科技小院的影响效力在推进乡村振兴的发展中显得尤为重要。同时对于稳固实践根基,提升研究生的创新创业能力也表现出极其突出的成效[28]。经过几年的“实践”,全国有更多的科技小院不断涌现,“小院”的研究生培养经验不断得到完善与升华,这种复合型、创新型的培养模式,不仅成为专业型硕士培养的“成效栏与对标板”,同时还为双一流建设锦上添花、赋能增辉,从根本上强化了“实践驱动”的根基。
3.2.2 强化与提升主线指引下“四化”建设的赋能价值
作为农业大国,乡村振兴战略的实施使得涉农领域得到了新的发展机会,完善的食品安全与生态农业融合发展成为立足于生态农业的实际特点[29]。因此,围绕提高食品类专业型研究生培养的实践性大舞台最为重要的执行环节即为导师制度的落实。做实“双导师”机制下的校企联合培养模式,将对研究生的培养以及区域性乡村产业园经济的发展有着推波助澜的作用。与此同时,“服务乡村振兴战略”“多维融合”以及“涉农特色”,都是围绕培养“一流人才”这一基本目标的执行方式,也是当下研究生培养的主导趋势。由此,为完善交叉学科的培养范式,行之有效地创新管理体制,力求在培养层面上探索评价的“多元化”、培养的“协同化”、课题研究的“项目化”以及创新意识的“时代化”[30]。以“四化”的助力机制来贯穿整个专业型硕士研究生的培养过程,突出其赋能价值,从而形成积极进取、利于创新,并以“实践驱动、多维融合、创新引领”的协同培养的教育氛围如图4所示。
4. 结论与展望
综上所述,食品类专业型硕士应明确培养定位,以“乡村振兴”政策为引导,建立以突出实践为主体的合作平台,进一步达成平台下的产教、专创以及科教的多维融合,同时从“立地”型选题中激发创新热情,从而有效地形成以“实践驱动、多维融合、创新引领”的食品类专业型硕士协同培养的教育机制。
纵观发展,十九大“乡村振兴”战略的提出,2021年中央一号文件的进一步推进,食品类专业型硕士责无旁贷地肩负起推动具有历史意义的这一重任。因此,构建创新人才培养新模式,发挥“现代农业创新与乡村振兴战略”这一公共学位课的价值,必将成为食品类专业型硕士为“三农”服务的有效行径,达成硕士培养新型的、跨越式的发展。与此同时,专业特色的突出,食品行业人力资源的充分融合,使得这种专业型硕士协同培养模式必然会在助力乡村振兴道路上,为教育与社会多维化发展提供智力支撑。
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