Design and Practice of Innovative Entrepreneurship Elements in the Course "Comprehensive Utilization of Grain and Oil Processing By-products" under the Guidance of Provincial First-class Discipline
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摘要: 建设一流专业,深化课程改革,将创新创业教育融入人才培养全过程,持续提升创新创业教育水平,是培养大学生科技人才的重要途径。基于省一流专业建设背景下,本文根据《粮油加工副产物综合利用》课程性质与特点,围绕教学目标,在创新创业教育理念指导下,探索开发与实施粮食工程专业大学生实践案例教学的方法。为改善课程授课形式单一、实践教学环节薄弱、教学评估维度单一等教学现实困境,通过产业案例启发教学、课堂展示、小组创新实验设计开发、科学家精神培育及延伸第二课堂科创竞赛教学等改进举措和多维评估持续机制,以构建基于“课堂-实验-实践”建设思路的“三位一体”创新创业教学协同育人平台,多维度激发学生创新创业能力。以期通过专业课程为载体,搭建平台育人体系,推动专业知识与学生创新创业能力的平衡发展,从而提高粮食工程创新创业人才培养水平。
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关键词:
- 粮油加工副产物综合利用 /
- 创新创业 /
- 粮食工程 /
- 课程改革
Abstract: Constructing the first-class undergraduate specialty, deepening curriculum reform, incorporating innovation and entrepreneurship education throughout the entire talent development process, and consistently enhancing the standard of innovation and entrepreneurship education are crucial approaches to fostering scientific and technological aptitude among college students. This study, according to the nature and characteristics of the course "Comprehensive Utilization of Grain and Oil Processing By-Products", focusing on the objectives of course teaching, under the guidance of the concept of innovation and entrepreneurship education, aims to explore the development and implementation of a practical case teaching method tailored to grain engineering students within the framework of the provincial first-class undergraduate specialty construction. By improving challenges such as lecture-based teaching, limited practical links, and one-dimensional assessment, a collaborative education platform of 'trinity' innovation and entrepreneurship teaching is proposed based on the construction idea of "classroom-experiment-practice". This platform emphasizes several improvement initiatives, such as incorporating industry case-inspired teaching, conducting classroom presentations, fostering the development of innovative experimental designs in small groups, cultivating the spirit of scientists, expanding the teaching of science and innovation competitions on the extracurricular activities, implementing multi-dimensional assessment methods, and establishing continuity mechanisms. Our goal is to establish a collaborative platform that nurtures innovation and entrepreneurship through the professional curriculum. Ultimately, this platform seeks to promote balanced development between professional knowledge and entrepreneurial skills, elevating the cultivation of innovative talents in grain engineering. -
高等教育肩负着培养专业人才的重任,深化创新创业教育改革,增强创新创业能力,提高创新创业教育水平,成为了高校培育人才的基本职责和现实使命;同时,也成为了国家实施创新驱动发展的迫切需求[1]。当前,创新创业教育在高等教育中逐渐受到重视,我国政府相关部门出台了一系列相关政策和措施,如《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2023-2023年)》、《关于深化大学生创新创业教育改革的若干意见》等以促进各高校创新创业教育体系的建立和完善。创新是我国食品工业发展的不懈动力和源泉。面对食品工业的升级与转型的困难与挑战,就需要更多更强的食品高素质综合性人才的支撑[2]。因此,食品从业人员的创新创业能力水平在应对食品工业转型挑战、高水平布局发展等中至关重要。这就要求高校的食品专业教学必须将创新创业教育融入到专业知识中,培养出高素质综合性人才[3]。
课程是人才培养的核心要素,课程质量关系到人才培养的质量[4]。粮食工程专业作为我校省级一流本科专业建设点,这要求我们以提高人才培养质量为目标,以社会需求为导向,培养更具实践能力和创新精神的应用型人才。《粮油加工副产物综合利用》作为粮食工程理论性和实践性结合型核心专业课,其主要内容包括研究粮油食品加工过程中的主要副产物资源,加工和高值化利用技术,进而教授培养学生利用副产物和设计工艺过程等能力[5]。因此,为了适应省一流专业的发展需要,改进以往只重视理论知识的灌输、忽略食品产业需求与专业教育与双创教育的转型与融合的传统教学方式。通过与时俱进、不断优化改革创新,逐步将《粮油加工副产物综合利用》建设成一门高质量的核心专业课程,强化学生知识、技能、综合素质的培养;从而对提高学生的科学素养,增强合作精神,引导提升创新创业能力具有积极的推动作用[6]。
因此,本文在省一流专业建设背景下,通过挖掘在课堂导学、实验教学及实践提升中的创新创业元素,以增加考核要求的挑战性为目标,构建课堂-实验-实践“三位一体”的多元化教学模式和综合性考核评价方式(图1),以适应一流特色专业发展的需要和创新创业能力培养[7]。以期在激发学生的学习兴趣与培养能力的同时,引导他们更好地理解粮食工程行业的知识与发展规律,鼓励勇于创新创造,为行业发展培育可靠接班人。
1. 《粮油加工副产物综合利用》课程建设的现实困境
食品学科的发展及人才培养,是我国食品科技发展的基石。中国食品工业正站在转型升级的历史关口,对科技人才的迫切需求日益凸显[8]。粮食工程专业肩负着创新和培养粮食科技创新人才的重要使命,对推动经济社会的健康发展和食品工业的创新发展起着举足轻重的作用。我校粮食工程专业作为黑龙江省省级一流本科专业建设点,在发挥科技创新和助推国家粮食安全“压舱石”扮演着重要角色。《粮油加工副产物综合利用》作为粮食工程专业的重要专业基础课程,该课程立足于大食物观下,以粮油加工学发展及应用技术为引导,全方位、多途径开发粮油加工副产品食物资源;重点培养提高专业学生的工程思维、分析和解决食品工程问题的工程素质和工程能力,培养学生精益求精、勇于探索、突破创新的科学态度和使命感[9]。人才培养的主渠道和根基在于课程,而研究和打造高质量课程已然成为了“双万计划”建设中的重要一环[10],通过课程改革,将创新创业教育全面贯穿至教育教学过程中,不断提升课程质量,实现培养创新型人才培养目标,对一流本科专业认证起到积极推动作用[11−12]。在省一流本科专业建设的背景下,对《粮油加工副产物综合利用》课程的创新改革也存在着一些现实困境:
一是课程授课形式单一,内容时效性差,学生培养系统性差。《粮油加工副产物综合利用》课程是一门以生产实践与应用为特点的交叉学科,其涵盖诸多学科工程基础知识与理论。随着科技的发展,新的分析方法和技术不断涌现。然而,教学课堂内容更新不及时,部分授课教师仍采用填鸭式PPT授课方式进行单向灌输理论知识,缺乏多样性,对学生价值需求关注度较少。不仅如此,课程内容抽象,大量理论工艺及工程知识无法消化理解,应用型人才培养目标适配度不足,导致学生学习主动性、积极性不高,不利于学生工程实践能力、创新能力的培养[13]。
二是实践教学环节薄弱,课程针对性和实用性不高。《粮油加工副产物综合利用》课程除了要求学生掌握基本理论与知识外,还要求掌握加工检测方面的实践技能。但由于实践课时分配较少,部分教学实践场地资源缺乏,资源设施不完善,学生缺乏实践动手机会,使得大多数学生对粮油副产物加工所使用的原理和部分仪器知之甚少,严重影响实践教学效果和科研创新能力的提高。
三是考核方式及教学评估体系维度单一。当前,课程的考核方式还是以考试成绩为主,辅以平时考勤及课程作业,但对于实践环节知识考核少之又少。多数学生还停留在考前突击等状态来应付考试,而难于真正地了解大豆副产物加工工艺及关键要点等先进工艺的动态变化[14]。此外,教师作为教学活动的主体,除了及时改进教学计划,完善教学方法提升教学质量;还应当时刻以学生为中心,关注学生的学习体验、心得及收获等反馈做出动态调节,以提升学生在评价过程中的积极作用[15−16]。
总之,对《粮油加工副产物综合利用》进行创新创业教育改革,对学生理论知识、实验技能、实践能力等进行全方面培养,使食品领域的人才更好地服务于“大食代”的社会环境,在持续推动食品产业快速发展中起到至关重要的作用。
2. 《粮油加工副产物综合利用》课程改革实践
“三位一体”是一种综合性的教育模式,它将课堂教学、实验技能、实践创新三个方面有机地融合在一起,以达到全面发展的目的。“三位一体”教育不同于传统的课堂教学模式,它注重课堂教学、实验操作和实践创新三个教育板块之间的协作和互动,让学生在不同的学习环境中全面发展[17]。
2.1 优化课程体系,产业案例式启发教学,挖掘创新创业元素
课程作为创新创业能力建设的重要载体,始终以学生为中心,坚持立德树人目标,重点融入课程相关的学科前沿进展、最新科技成果、产业发展趋势。通过行业实际产业案例分析课程启发导学,引导学生们主动了解行业问题与现状,追求创新卓越思想融入;让学生们针对行业的挑战与机遇,有所得,有所悟,逐步挖掘创新创业元素,不断感悟家国情怀,体验工匠精神[18]。黄浆水是豆制品加工时产生的高浓度有机废水,排放时不仅造成营养成分的损失,还会引起水体富营养化而造成环境污染[19]。因此,黄浆水管理与开发利用一直是困扰豆制品加工企业的难题。这就要求教师在产业实际案例导学中,融入专业知识来增强学生的感性认知。针对米糠副产物利用度差,米糠油脂易氧化,提取率低下,产业转化率不足等现状,要求学生开展文献综述,产业调研,小组汇报等形式分析产业不足。基于此,学生和教师需要共同探讨产业问题,通过设疑提问,引导学生一步步自主探索,一点点挖掘创新创业元素。不仅如此,还邀请重磅专家、知名学者以及企业家做行业需求及前沿技术认知讲座,分析产业未来发展趋势,进一步引导学生思考科学研究助力产业发展,深入理解科技转化坚持需求导向和问题导向的意义。
2.2 强化研究素养、培养科学精神,锻炼学生的创新思维和创新能力
实验是科研的灵魂,是培养学生创新能力的重要途径。“学以致用,融会贯通”,强化研究素养是培养创新人才的重要途径。这种素养需要在教育中有意识地进行培养,通过课程设置、实验室建设等方式,让学生有机会接触科学实验,参与研究工作,并逐步提升学生的创新思维和创新能力[20]。例如,通过产业热点问题资料收集和探索,利用创新实验室进行豆渣可溶性蛋白与膳食纤维的提取与利用等自主设计型实验可以有多方面的促进作用,如产业知识的深度融入,产业转型升级衔接思考,学生实验技能增强。再者,通过“玉米浸泡液活性肽提取”、“花生黄曲霉毒素检测”、“花生红衣酚类物质提取”等实验的方式,讲述从粮食工程学科发展缩影到中国粮油产业变化及无数科学家不断的艰苦奉献,让学生润物细无声般的感受和树立刻苦努力、严谨求实、开拓创新的科学精神。不仅如此,在实验过程中更注重专业知识积累和团队合作。在解决相关实验问题的同时,潜移默化地锻炼学生的创新思维和创新能力。
2.3 以赛促学,以赛促教,培育创新创业实践平台,激发创新创业潜能
创新实践平台建设作为支撑专业人才培养体系的重要组成部分,是提高大学生创新实践能力的重要抓手。以赛促学、以赛促教是一种以竞赛为核心和驱动、以课程为基础的教学和学习模式。紧紧围绕《粮油加工副产物综合利用》的课程定位,以培养“创新有后劲,创业有能力,发展有前途”的高素质应用型粮食工程大学生创新创业平台为主线,着力培养学生的创新创业能力。首先,教师作为实践平台的引领者和管理者,建立专业化创新创业实践师资队伍至关重要。加强教师专业化培养工作,通过外出学习,加强创新创业骨干教师专业培训,推动教师参与学生创新创业实践;强化教师科研与教学融合,将学术训练融入课程体系之中,以实现科教融合协同育人[21]。其次,内引外联,整合多方资源构建大学生粮食工程创新创业基地。依托国家粮食产业(食用油料蛋白高值化加工)技术创新中心和省植物油脂与蛋白科学重点实验室等平台,关注我国粮油加工企业中副产物利用及转化的现实产业问题,通过已有的校内科研实验室、校外实习实训基地、粮油企业产学研合作实践基地等发挥校内外导师引擎作用,大力加强与企业、科研院所和高校之间的交流合作[22]。通过协同育人协调创新创业型人才培养的资源不足,将教学课堂延伸至企业,将教学实践延伸至社会实践和科创竞赛中去。另外,通过粮食工程专业实验室资源整合,将粮食工程部分基础实验室和专业实验室建成创新开放实验室,围绕粮油加工副产物方向进行选题和构思。通过基础理论学习-模块化训练-综合实践操作,采取研究生与本科生团队一对一结对,制定个性化培养方案。最终达到能够参加各类竞赛活动和申报,完成大学生创新创业训练计划。通过对创新创业实践平台的建设,将学生的创新创业潜能和实践能力提升到更高的水平,最终形成涵盖课程-实验-实践的多维度全阶段的科研训练平台[23]。
2.4 建立健全多维度课程考核评价体系,突破思维定式,多维联动、教考一体
基于课堂-实验-实践“三位一体”培养模式,坚持学生评价机制和课程可持续评估导向,重点关注学生的综合素质和创新能力的培养[24]。构建多维度评价体系,对学生的基础能力、创新能力和应用能力进行综合评估[25]。首先是以教师能力为抓手,以明确提高学生创新创业意识为导向,在教学设计和督学过程等环节运用诊断性评价,充分发挥教师队伍的主观能动性,将粮油加工科学育人内涵的创新创业教育深度融入课堂教学活动;二是以强化培养创新创业精神为导向,充分调动学生的学习积极性。在考试成绩、小组讨论、实验操作规范、文献统计及创新方案设计等考核环节运用形成性评价,融入数字化学习分析技术,创新学生评价思维,利用不同比重对过程性考核环节赋分,逐步完善课程考核评价机制,进一步提升《粮油加工副产物综合利用》创新创业教育融入学生日常学习的可操作性[26]。三是以提升学生创新创业能力为最终目标,运用总结性评价将大学生创新创业训练项目、“互联网+”大学生创新创业大赛、学术论文、发明专利科研产出等作为学生评优、评先的标志性成果,提高《粮油加工副产物综合利用》创新创业教育的成果产出及其可量化性[18]。考核不仅是为了检测学生掌握知识的水平和能力,更是为以后的课程教学改革起到一定的指导作用;同时还定时向同学发课后调查问卷,定期开展教师学生座谈会,及时反馈教学方式及考核方式的不足,形成课程教学改革的良性循环,进一步促进考核机制的完善。
3. 课程改革初步成效与应用
在推动学生深入学习的过程中,通过“三位一体”的教育模式实践下,不断优化《粮油加工副产物综合利用》课程体系,完善教学方式。学生们不仅掌握了粮食工程的专业理论知识,还可以提升他们对粮油食品安全的风险防范以及自主设计探索的能力,还进一步锻炼他们的跨学科思维,提升学生创新能力,还可以反哺一流专业的建设巩固[27]。
3.1 育人为本,学生为中心,充分调动课堂积极性,提升课程改革效能
坚持学生为中心,转换教师主导角色,是一流专业建设中的重要要求。为调动学生学习积极性,课程团队聚焦课程改革,坚持立德树人,以学生为中心,充分发挥粮油加工产业案例对学生学习的引导作用。以提出问题与假设,通过翻转课堂等多形式的引导式互动教学,起到抛砖引玉的作用[28]。一是共享线上一流课程的专业、开放的海量食品科学及生命科学信息资源,引导学生形成跨学科、跨专业的“粮油加工副产物”的创新创业理念,抓住求知心理,树立粮油加工服务于建设健康中国、美丽中国及大食物观等国家战略的创新创业意识[29]。二是挖掘线下一流课程教学优势,以粮油加工副产物的高附加值产业链及水体富营养化等环保问题引导学生发问思考,结合现阶段国内外高精尖产业解决技术的前沿进展,引导学生了解行业发展、激发学生学习兴趣,进一步加强学生实践操作和技能学习,以便更好地适应社会对生物医药开发、食源性营养研发等领域复合型食品人才的需求[30]。三是强化线上线下混合式一流课程的多维互动,引导学生关注“食品+”、特医食品等新业态,提升学生创新创业人文素养[31]。开展知名食品加工企业交流学习,引导学生在参观粮油产品加工工厂的同时,重点关注产品生产流程和品控分析管理,将《粮油加工副产物综合利用》的理论知识加以验证、深化、巩固和充实,并培养学生进行调查、研究、分析和解决工程实际问题的能力。
3.2 注重创新能力培养,夯实学生的实践能力,提高科学素养
注重创新能力培养,提高学生社会实践能力,是推动一流专业建设中的重要环节。基于多元化的混合教学模式,将实验课程与课本知识有机结合起来[32]。通过实验教学的交互互动,设计实验内容贴近于生活应用,注重科学实验的探究性和能力培养,让学生在实验中得到启发和乐趣,进一步培养学生形成科学的思维方式。通过小班研讨,文献查阅,培养学生自主设计开放式科学探究实验;且通过逆向思维,并引导学生不断思考,逐步揭开实验现象背后的科学原理。优化师资,通过迎进来,带出去,双向确定学生和指导教师。仅三年来,共计100多人次投入到化学技能大赛中去;并在通过自主探究的科学主题上,进一步动手设计,进行更深层次的创新实验。不仅如此,鼓励师生将专业学科知识渗透运用到推动乡村振兴的伟大实践中,积极开展三下乡社会实践,深入乡村、企业、社区等进行实地调研学习,了解和体验中国食品科技创新、食品安全现状和食品工业发展历程,在社会实践中受教育、长才干及做贡献。
3.3 坚持成果导向,科研与教学融合,培育和建成实践平台,学生创新能力显著提升
以学生的学习产出为导向,以提高学生的综合实践能力为培养目标,是巩固一流专业建设的重要体现。结合学生的个性化、差异化学习特点和自主实验的需求,将课本知识从内容到方式、实验从课内延伸到课外等多角度,从夯实基础到创新创业能力提升等多层面,打破传统局限,建立《粮油加工副产物综合利用》实践平台,给予学生实践舞台,强化能力培养[33]。通过多方指导学生将知识应用在实践中,使得学生在创新创业能力比赛中屡获佳绩。例如全国大学生生命科学创新创业大赛、杜邦营养与健康两岸学生创新技能竞赛、“挑战杯”黑龙江省大学生课外学术科技作品竞赛等,并获得国家级,省级奖项30余项。除此之外,结合教师科研成果,深入推动创新实验设计,申报多项省级以上大学生创新创业训练计划;进一步引导学生将实验成果进行学术论文撰写,发表相关学术论文多篇、国家发明专利多项;并输送更多优秀学生至食品更高学府深造。继续吸纳更多食品专业学生,形成面向全校学生、多角度、多层面的学生创新创业实践平台,极大地推动了学生创新创业能力的提高。
4. 结论
在省一流专业背景下,《粮油加工副产物综合利用》的混合式教学改革既是一种机遇也是一种挑战。一流课程的建设重中之重在于以学生为中心,培育具有创新性、示范引领性和推广性的高质量课程,切实提高课程教学质量和人才培养质量。本文针对《粮油加工副产物综合利用》的教学现状进行了探索和分析,总结了课程存在的教学问题,利用“三位一体”的教学模式,在教学内容、教学方式及教学考核与评估等方面进行了内容革新、教学改进及多方面协同育人。此外,《粮油加工副产物综合利用》的课程改革是动态的,这就需要教师以学生为本,以成果为导向,多维度评价,不断在改革进程中感悟学生感受,及时反馈教学效果,认真改进教学方式和教学手段,注重强化创新创业教育,培养学生工匠精神,激发爱国情怀与使命担当,以达到课程育人,促进一流专业建设,培养粮食工程专业一流人才的目的。
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