马铃薯淀粉凝胶形成及其品质影响因素研究进展

张宏远; 木泰华; 马梦梅

doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022010181

马铃薯淀粉凝胶形成及其品质影响因素研究进展

doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022010181

中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所，农业农村部农产品加工综合性重点实验室，北京 100193

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目（32172250）；高端外国专家引进计划。

详细信息

作者简介:
张宏远（1996−），男，硕士研究生，研究方向：食品化学与营养，E-mail：zhanghy634278399@163.com

通讯作者:
木泰华（1964−），男，博士，研究员，研究方向：食品化学与营养，E-mail：mutaihua@126.com

马梦梅（1988−），女，博士，助理研究员，研究方向：食品化学与营养，E-mail：meimei881020@163.com

中图分类号: TS201.7
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- 文章访问数: 111
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-01-21
- 网络出版日期: 2022-10-19
- 刊出日期: 2022-11-23

Formation of Potato Starch Gel and Influencing Factors of Its Quality-A Review

Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China

摘要

摘要: 马铃薯淀粉黏度高、易糊化，淀粉糊稳定性及透明度高，被广泛应用于各类凝胶制品的加工中。温度、pH等环境因素以及盐类、多糖、蛋白质等食用成分对马铃薯淀粉的糊化特性及淀粉凝胶的回生特性、流变特性、微观结构等影响不同，进而影响马铃薯淀粉凝胶制品的品质。本文在分析马铃薯淀粉凝胶形成机制的基础上，综述了不同环境因素及食用成分对马铃薯淀粉凝胶品质特性的影响规律，揭示了不同食用成分与马铃薯淀粉分子之间的相互作用原理。旨在为高品质、高营养马铃薯淀粉凝胶及其制品的研究与工业化生产提供参考。
- 马铃薯淀粉 /
- 凝胶 /
- 环境因素 /
- 食用成分
Abstract: Potato starch has been widely used in the processing of various gel products due to its high viscosity, easy gelatinization and high stability and transparency of starch paste. Environmental factors, such as temperature and pH, as well as edible components, such as salts, polysaccharides, and proteins exhibites different effects on the pasting properties of potato starch and the retrogradation properties, rheological properties and microstructure of starch gel, which in turn affects the quality of potato starch gel products. Based on the analysis of the formation mechanism of potato starch gel, the influence of different environmental factors and edible components on the quality characteristics of potato starch gel are summarized in this paper, and the interaction principles between different edible components and potato starch molecules are revealed. The objective is to provide reference for the research and industrial production of high-quality, high-nutrition potato starch gel and its products.
- potato starch /
- gel /
- environmental factors /
- edible components

HTML全文

图 1 马铃薯淀粉糊化回生假想机制图^[12-13]

Figure 1. Hypothetical mechanism diagram of gelatinization-retrogradation of potato starch^[12-13]

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表 1 不同来源淀粉直径、直链及支链淀粉平均聚合度等结构信息^[15]

Table 1. Structure information, including diameter, average polymerization degree and chain length of amylose and amylopectin, etc., of starches from different cultivars^[15]

指标	马铃薯淀粉	小麦淀粉	大米淀粉	玉米淀粉	豌豆淀粉
颗粒直径范围（μm）	10~100	2~10，22~36	3~8	6~17	2~41
支链淀粉含量（%）	89，79~82	75，74	72~89，87	77，71，66	70，61~63
支链淀粉平均聚合度	11200	5000~9400，13000~18000	8200~10900	15900	n.d.
支链淀粉平均链长	23，26	19~21，19~20	18~19，17~18	20	22，23~24
直链淀粉含量（%）	11，18~21	25，26	11~28，13	23，29，34	30，37~39
直链淀粉平均聚合度	4920，8025	1290，1200~1500	1110，980~1110	960，990	1300~1350，1400
直连淀粉平均链长	670	300，250~320	230~370，320	335	340
注：n.d.，未测出。

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表 2 环境因素对马铃薯淀粉凝胶品质的影响

Table 2. Effect of environmental factors on gel quality of potato starch

因素	条件	影响结果	可能的机理解析
糊化温度	低于峰值糊化温度	凝胶硬度低	淀粉凝胶网络的形成或样品热降解^[17]
	高于峰值糊化温度	凝胶硬度最高
	更高温度	凝胶硬度下降
老化温度	−6~−18 ℃	凝胶强度低，弹性差	冰晶尺寸影响凝胶结构，温度高时淀粉分子内部不稳定^[20-21]
	亚冻结温度	凝胶弹性及强度良好
	25 ℃	凝胶强度低，弹性差
pH	<5或>8	峰值粘度降低，不易回生	pH通过影响淀粉磷酸酯基团的电荷分布来改变淀粉体系的静电相互作用^[23-25]
pH	5~8	凝胶性强，易回生	pH通过影响淀粉磷酸酯基团的电荷分布来改变淀粉体系的静电相互作用^[23-25]

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表 3 不同食用成分对马铃薯淀粉凝胶品质的影响

Table 3. Effects of different edible ingredients on the gel quality of potato starch

因素	条件	影响结果	可能的机理解析
盐离子	阳离子（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Al³⁺、Fe³⁺、Na⁺、K⁺）	多价阳离子提高了淀粉凝胶网络的强度和刚性	阳离子屏蔽磷酸酯基团上的负电荷或交联（多价阳离子）两个相邻的磷酸酯基团^[15,27]
盐离子	阴离子（F^-、SO₄^2-、Br^-、NO₃^-、SCN^-、I^-）	盐析离子促进直链淀粉析出，提高凝胶强度与弹性模量，盐溶离子作用相反	盐析效应可增强直链淀粉链间的聚集，形成三维网络结构^[32-33]
氨基酸	酸性氨基酸	降低粒径、膨胀力与凝胶强度，提高糊化温度	带电氨基酸与磷酸酯基团的静电作用和直链淀粉析出^[37-38]
	碱性氨基酸	提高粒径、膨胀力与凝胶强度，降低糊化温度
	中性氨基酸	无显著影响
蛋白质	大豆分离蛋白	增加淀粉的稳定性和凝胶强度，pH在等电点附近时淀粉凝胶被破坏	蛋白质通过竞争水分，氨基以及盐离子与马铃薯淀粉的磷酸酯基团之间的相互作用或蛋白单独形成聚集体的能力等方式影响凝胶强度；pH在等电点附近时，酸化改变蛋白电荷分布，降低凝胶强度^[44-50]
	酪蛋白酸钠	储能模量（G′）降低
	乳清蛋白	形成稳定的冷凝胶，提高复合凝胶硬度
亲水胶体	中性亲水胶体	增加了分散体的凝胶强度	亲水胶体与淀粉磷酸酯基团的静电排斥，或亲水胶体自身的粘度使淀粉体系结合紧密^[23,54,57]
亲水胶体	阴离子亲水胶体	对凝胶强度的影响与不同种类亲水胶体浓度有关	亲水胶体与淀粉磷酸酯基团的静电排斥，或亲水胶体自身的粘度使淀粉体系结合紧密^[23,54,57]

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