Comprehensive Evaluation of Quality Characteristics of Parboiled Rice Based on Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis
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摘要: 为探讨蒸谷米的品质并建立其评价体系,本试验选取12个不同品种的稻谷原料制备蒸谷米,并对其碾磨品质、外观品质、营养品质、食味品质和糊化特性的品质指标进行测定分析,考察不同品种稻谷制得的蒸谷米各项品质指标之间的差异性。同时,采用主成分分析法和聚类分析法对蒸谷米的品质进行综合性评价并建立蒸谷米品质评价模型。结果表明,不同品种稻谷制得的蒸谷米各项品质指标之间均存在差异性(P<0.05),且品质指标间变异系数各不相同,说明蒸谷米在不同品质性状之间呈现不同程度的变化。由主成分分析发现23个反映不同品种稻谷制得的蒸谷米品质的指标可以用6个主成分表示,其累积方差贡献率为91.083%;根据聚类分析结果可知,爆腰率、黄米粒、外观、蛋白质、崩解值、峰值黏度、最终黏度和回生值8个品质指标可以用来综合评价蒸谷米品质的优劣。12个不同品种稻谷制得的蒸谷米中,“玉针香”的品质最佳,“大粒香”的品质最差,其次为“粤丰B”。主成分分析结合聚类分析综合评价方法可为不同品种稻谷制备蒸谷米的品质评价提供参考,并为蒸谷米专用稻的选育及蒸谷米资源的开发应用奠定理论依据。Abstract: In order to explore the nutritional value of parboiled rice and establish a parboiled rice quality evaluation system, 12 rice varieties were selected to prepare the parboiled rice. The quality attributes of parboiled rice were analyzed for milling quality, appearance quality, nutritional quality, taste quality and gelatinization properties, and the differences of the quality indexes in parboiled rice prepared by different rice cultivars were investigated. The quality of parboiled rice was comprehensively evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), and the evaluation model of parboiled rice quality was established. The results showed that there were significant differences in quality indexes among parboiled rice (P<0.05), and the coefficient of variation of the quality indexes were different, indicating that the parboiled rice presented varieties between different quality attributes. PCA showed that six principal components represented the 23 quality indicators parboiled rice, making 91.083% cumulative contribution to the total variance. According to the cluster analysis, eight quality indexes including the crack ratio, yellow rice, appearance, protein, the breakdown, the peak viscosity, the final viscosity and setback first were sufficient to evaluate the quality of parboiled rice. Among the parboiled rice prepared by 12 rice cultivars, the parboiled rice of ‘Yuzhenxiang’ had the best quality, and that of ‘Dalixiang’ had the worst quality, followed by ‘Yuefeng B’. The comprehensive evaluation method of principal component analysis and cluster analysis can provide reference for the quality evaluation of parboiled rice prepared by different rice varieties, and provide theoretical basis for the breeding of special rice for parboiled rice, and the development and utilization of the germplasm resources of parboiled rice.
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Key words:
- parboiled rice /
- principal component analysis /
- cluster analysis /
- quality evaluation
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表 1 不同品种蒸谷米品质指标描述性分析
Table 1. Descriptive statistics of quality indexes of parboiled rice by different rice cultivars
名称碾磨品质 外观品质 营养品质 食味品质 糙米率(%) 脱壳率(%) 爆腰率(%) 碎米总量(%) 黄米粒(%) 长宽比 整精米率(%) 水分
(%)蛋白质(%) 直链淀粉(%) VB1(mg/
100 g)VB2(mg/
100 g)外观 硬度 黏度 食味值 大粒香 73.99 19.54 12.66 22.3 20.2 1.5 77.7 12.4 5.6 28.6 1.34 0.045 2.15 8.18 1.23 39.8 玉针香 75.29 22.68 0.3 24.7 9.8 3.2 75.3 13.1 6.1 24.8 1.35 0.079 4.7 7.55 5.03 57.5 金麻粘 69.20 22.82 1.62 29.3 10.7 2.3 70.7 12.9 6.2 26.9 1.19 0.077 2.15 8.45 1.83 40.5 天丰B 74.15 21.13 0.66 29.5 10.7 2.4 70.5 13.3 6.2 30.8 1.27 0.085 3.15 8.30 3.00 46.0 粤丰B 68.11 22.08 2.38 68.7 9.9 2.8 35.7 12.4 6.0 28.0 1.40 0.093 2.25 8.30 1.63 40.8 红香米 64.61 22.11 0.7 61 65.1 2.5 53.1 12.9 6.0 24.8 1.11 0.096 3.6 7.93 3.13 48.5 津原香98 75.66 19.08 5.62 27.9 7.3 2 84.2 13.2 6.6 24.4 1.12 0.08 3.85 7.90 3.53 49.8 SN16-236 75.19 21.16 4.61 33.5 14.3 2.4 90.7 12.8 7.1 19.8 0.97 0.049 3.475 8.08 3.30 48.8 15L-Z156 74.82 18.8 13.3 43 10.2 1.7 89.8 12.8 5.3 20.4 1.05 0.051 3.375 8.08 3.18 47.8 贵丰优785 73.08 20.96 1.12 44.8 12.3 2.7 70.2 13.4 5.6 19.4 1.35 0.047 3.5 8.00 3.30 48.5 两优68 69.90 20.77 1.5 50.2 42.1 2.7 49.8 12.8 5.9 23.1 1.22 0.059 3.25 8.15 2.95 46.8 徽两优1898 73.30 20.87 0.9 32.8 85.2 2.9 67.2 13.1 6.5 20.3 0.91 0.069 2.95 8.33 2.63 44.5 最小值 64.61 18.8 0.3 22.3 7.3 1.5 35.7 12.4 5.3 19.4 0.91 0.045 2.15 7.55 1.23 39.8 最大值 75.66 22.82 13.3 68.7 85.2 3.2 90.7 13.4 7.1 30.8 1.4 0.096 4.7 8.45 5.03 57.5 均值 72.28 21 3.78 38.98 24.82 2.43 69.58 12.93 6.09 24.28 1.19 0.069 3.2 8.1 2.9 46.6 中位数 69.55 21.05 1.56 33.15 11.5 2.45 70.6 12.9 6.05 24.6 1.21 0.073 3.313 8.12 3.07 47.3 标准差 3.50 1.32 4.59 14.77 25.63 0.5 16.48 0.32 0.49 3.8 0.16 0.02 0.75 0.24 1 4.9 变异系数(%) 4.84 6.29 121.43 37.89 103.26 20.58 23.68 2.47 8.05 15.65 13.45 28.99 23.44 2.96 34.48 10.52 表 2 不同品种蒸谷米糊化特性分析
Table 2. Gelatinization properties of different kinds of parboiled rice
名称 峰值黏度(cp) 谷值黏度(cp) 崩解值(cp) 最终黏度(cp) 回生值(cp) 峰值时间(min) 糊化温度(℃) 大粒香 1875 1631 244 2835 1204 6.27 88.75 玉针香 2767 1662 1105 3473 1811 5.80 83.95 金麻粘 2743 1794 949 3555 1761 5.87 86.40 天丰B 2383 1893 490 3272 1379 6.00 82.40 粤丰B 1782 1289 493 2382 1093 6.07 88.85 红香米 2295 1800 495 3280 1480 5.80 84.85 津原香98 2294 1566 728 3026 1460 5.93 84.75 SN16-236 2576 1596 980 3287 1691 5.87 84.00 15L-Z156 2433 1747 686 3417 1670 5.87 84.80 贵丰优785 2729 1581 1148 3309 1728 5.67 81.55 两优68 2328 1693 635 3152 1459 5.93 87.20 徽两优1898 2649 1691 958 3411 1720 5.73 82.30 最小值 1782 1566 244 2382 5.67 81.55 81.55 最大值 2767 1893 1148 3555 1811 6.27 88.85 均值 2404.5 1661.9 742.6 3199.9 1538 5.9 84.98 中位数 2408 1676.5 707 3283.5 1575 5.87 84.78 标准差 321.9 153.47 284.77 324.48 230.59 0.16 2.41 变异系数/% 13.39 9.23 38.35 10.14 14.99 2.71 2.84 表 3 蒸谷米品质指标间的相关性分析
Table 3. Correlation analysis between quality indexes of parboiled rice
品质
指标糙米率 脱壳率 爆腰率 碎米
总量黄粒米 长宽比 整精
米率水分 蛋白质 直链
淀粉VB1 VB2 外观 硬度 黏度 食味值 峰值
黏度谷值
黏度崩解值 最终
黏度回生值 峰值
时间糊化
温度糙米率 1.000 脱壳率 −0.530 1.000 爆腰率 0.385 −0.768** 1.000 碎米总量 −0.745** 0.221 −0.224 1.000 黄粒米 −0.405 0.095 −0.292 0.227 1.000 长宽比 −0.228 0.717** −0.868** 0.277 0.290 1.000 整精米率 0.795** −0.497 0.519 −0.749** −0.340 −0.501 1.000 水分 0.319 0.040 −0.490 −0.307 0.028 0.332 0.287 1.000 蛋白质 0.173 0.236 −0.395 −0.259 0.118 0.279 0.182 0.189 1.000 直链淀粉 −0.233 0.241 −0.050 −0.088 −0.270 −0.161 −0.333 −0.269 −0.093 1.000 VB1 −0.135 0.269 −0.105 0.129 −0.517 0.128 −0.410 −0.143 −0.488 0.569 1.000 VB2 −0.526 0.532 −0.557 0.338 0.142 0.395 −0.543 0.085 0.224 0.533 0.138 1.000 外观 0.348 −0.002 −0.240 −0.138 −0.032 0.368 0.316 0.583* 0.166 −0.399 −0.124 0.068 1.000 硬度 −0.268 0.010 0.033 0.108 0.151 −0.220 −0.256 −0.280 0.031 0.256 −0.145 −0.020 −0.883** 1.000 黏度 0.376 0.083 −0.305 −0.180 −0.079 0.437 0.331 0.631* 0.189 −0.397 −0.123 0.073 0.983** −0.821** 1.000 食味值 0.358 0.065 −0.248 −0.156 −0.086 0.403 0.320 0.549 0.157 −0.388 −0.078 0.052 0.992** −0.891** 0.990** 1.000 峰值黏度 0.276 0.288 −0.406 −0.390 0.072 0.395 0.424 0.719** 0.239 −0.527 −0.349 −0.165 0.491 −0.228 0.600* 0.521 1.000 谷值黏度 0.010 0.020 −0.070 −0.382 0.244 −0.170 0.311 0.423 −0.074 0.094 −0.319 0.015 0.155 0.066 0.200 0.137 0.466 1.000 崩解值 0.307 0.315 −0.421 −0.235 −0.051 0.538 0.312 0.584* 0.310 −0.646* −0.222 −0.194 0.472 −0.293 0.570 0.515 0.879** −0.012 1.000 最终黏度 0.214 0.149 −0.198 −0.443 0.180 0.132 0.504 0.614* 0.094 −0.414 −0.461 −0.174 0.430 −0.178 0.517 0.445 0.907** 0.760** 0.616* 1.000 回生值 0.294 0.196 −0.233 −0.369 0.091 0.299 0.502 0.583* 0.182 −0.644* −0.437 −0.256 0.502 −0.294 0.594* 0.536 0.966** 0.404 0.875** 0.902** 1.000 峰值时间 0.029 −0.278 0.523 −0.107 −0.319 −0.559 −0.095 −0.694* −0.157 0.705* 0.395 −0.028 −0.554 0.294 −0.609* −0.549 −0.824** −0.216 −0.815** −0.682* −0.815** 1.000 糊化温度 −0.386 −0.008 0.377 0.264 −0.165 −0.328 −0.395 −0.892** −0.241 0.465 0.363 0.066 −0.567 0.242 −0.616* −0.540 −0.740** −0.405 −0.618* −0.656* −0.654* 0.756** 1.000 注:*:在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关,**:在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关。 表 4 主成分特征值、方差贡献率和累积贡献率
Table 4. Eigenvalues, variance contribution rates and cumulative contribution rates of principal components
成分 初始特征值 提取平方和载入 旋转平方和载入 合计 方差的(%) 累积(%) 合计 方差的(%) 累积(%) 合计 方差的(%) 累积(%) 1 8.826 38.373 38.373 8.826 38.373 38.373 5.939 25.820 25.820 2 4.516 19.634 58.008 4.516 19.634 58.008 4.418 19.208 45.028 3 2.747 11.943 69.951 2.747 11.943 69.951 4.366 18.983 64.011 4 1.919 8.342 78.294 1.919 8.342 78.294 2.346 10.201 74.213 5 1.539 6.690 84.984 1.539 6.690 84.984 2.078 9.036 83.249 6 1.403 6.099 91.083 1.403 6.099 91.083 1.802 7.834 91.083 7 0.886 3.852 94.935 8 0.569 2.474 97.409 9 0.249 1.082 98.491 10 0.199 0.863 99.354 11 0.149 0.646 100.000 表 5 旋转后成分荷载矩阵
Table 5. Component loading matrix after rotation
指标 成分 1 2 3 4 5 6 崩解值 0.920 0.235 0.119 −0.132 0.112 0.195 回生值 0.900 0.236 −0.061 0.241 −0.059 0.075 峰值黏度 0.899 0.215 0.081 0.332 0.018 0.135 峰值时间 −0.812 −0.342 −0.259 −0.052 0.333 0.050 最终黏度 0.724 0.175 −0.068 0.617 −0.123 0.016 直链淀粉 −0.706 −0.233 0.328 0.350 0.457 0.059 糊化温度 −0.629 −0.391 −0.023 −0.338 0.152 −0.214 水分 0.539 0.431 0.147 0.426 0.031 0.173 外观 0.271 0.952 0.015 0.081 −0.046 0.078 食味值 0.310 0.936 0.035 0.059 0.029 0.068 硬度 −0.064 −0.927 0.055 0.085 −0.124 0.091 黏度 0.378 0.899 0.064 0.119 0.024 0.104 爆腰率 −0.303 −0.126 −0.891 −0.061 0.047 −0.192 脱壳率 0.225 −0.090 0.865 0.025 0.179 0.036 长宽比 0.385 0.273 0.780 −0.231 −0.035 0.099 整精米率 0.325 0.210 −0.764 0.286 0.167 0.330 VB2 −0.391 0.156 0.759 0.184 −0.091 0.159 糙米率 0.233 0.299 −0.655 0.038 0.364 0.419 谷值黏度 0.179 0.016 −0.051 0.943 −0.171 −0.079 黄米粒 0.067 −0.100 0.242 0.122 −0.832 −0.014 VB1 −0.303 0.040 0.309 −0.154 0.751 −0.414 蛋白质 0.118 0.046 0.191 −0.076 −0.168 0.926 碎米总量 −0.208 −0.034 0.447 −0.468 −0.408 −0.485 表 6 因子得分系数矩阵表
Table 6. Rotated factor loading matrix
指标 公因子 1 2 3 4 5 6 糙米率 0.016 0.036 −0.130 −0.061 0.152 0.214 脱壳率 0.092 −0.094 0.219 0.016 0.169 0.020 爆腰率 −0.037 0.023 −0.215 −0.017 −0.039 −0.112 碎米总量 0.000 0.055 0.056 −0.165 −0.200 −0.240 黄米粒 −0.064 0.012 0.020 0.068 −0.415 0.005 长宽比 0.082 0.015 0.173 −0.140 0.041 0.057 整精米率 0.020 0.010 −0.159 0.059 0.059 0.132 水分 0.031 0.049 0.048 0.153 0.044 0.020 蛋白质 −0.077 −0.018 0.058 −0.110 −0.093 0.607 直链淀粉 −0.178 −0.001 0.123 0.266 0.200 0.091 VB1 0.039 0.013 0.097 −0.006 0.391 −0.240 VB2 −0.196 0.108 0.187 0.157 −0.066 0.151 外观 −0.095 0.276 −0.010 0.010 −0.066 −0.005 硬度 0.100 −0.294 0.027 0.044 −0.005 0.088 黏度 −0.053 0.235 0.008 0.017 −0.012 −0.001 食味值 −0.069 0.259 −0.002 −0.005 −0.019 −0.015 峰值黏度 0.191 −0.080 0.029 0.063 0.089 −0.032 谷值黏度 −0.064 −0.005 0.011 0.470 −0.077 −0.135 崩解值 0.250 −0.087 0.027 −0.181 0.142 0.037 最终黏度 0.109 −0.048 −0.005 0.233 −0.007 −0.111 回生值 0.197 −0.064 −0.014 0.016 0.041 −0.067 峰值时间 −0.156 −0.003 −0.036 0.050 0.102 0.113 糊化温度 −0.052 −0.035 −0.007 −0.090 0.048 −0.046 表 7 因子得分与综合得分
Table 7. Factor scores and comprehensive scores
名称 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F 排名 大粒香 −1.4222 −0.9754 −1.4942 0.1150 0.7810 −0.3847 −0.8772 12 玉针香 0.5527 1.9599 0.7186 0.1101 1.3511 0.0754 0.7868 1 金麻粘 0.9738 −1.8448 0.6780 0.9916 0.8484 0.0936 0.2376 4 天丰B −0.7523 −0.0161 0.5325 1.8750 0.7326 0.6533 0.3757 3 粤丰B −1.2742 −0.7174 1.2677 −2.0934 0.4181 −0.1853 −0.6363 11 红香米 −0.7805 0.6901 1.1179 0.7777 −1.7606 −0.9047 −0.1386 9 津原香98 −0.7649 1.0981 −0.7441 −0.1564 0.0174 1.3349 −0.0972 7 SN16−236 0.7163 0.0063 −0.7161 −0.9152 −0.3031 1.6910 0.1971 6 15L−Z156 0.2624 0.2858 −1.8590 0.2480 −0.4961 −1.353 −0.1602 10 贵丰优785 1.6790 0.2147 0.0142 −0.6766 0.6865 −1.2105 0.6037 2 两优68 −0.1479 −0.0087 0.3170 −0.3239 −0.5739 −0.8001 −0.1348 8 徽两优1898 0.9577 −0.6923 0.1675 0.0482 −1.7014 0.9902 0.2022 5 -
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