Abstract: Objective: The anti-aging effect of the fruits of Rosa xanthina Lindl (RF) was investigated by the ¹H NMR based metabolomics using D-galactose-induced aging rats. Methods: Rat subacute senile model was established by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose (400 mg/kg), and the anti-aging effects of RF were studied at three different doses (1.6, 3.2, 6.4 g/kg). On the 30th day, rat serum was collected and the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxide (LPO) and hydroxyproline (Hyp) were determined. The anti-aging effects of high, middle, low dose of RF were investigated by ¹H NMR metabolomics, and combined with multivariate statistical analysis. Results: When compared with the model group, RF extracts could increase serum SOD and Hyp levels (P<0.01) and decrease LPO level (P<0.05, P<0.01) significantly. For the rats in the model group, 13 differential metabolites in serum were changed (P<0.05, P<0.01) significantly. After treatment by RF, seven metabolites including lipid, arginine, glycerol, trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), glycine, alanine and N-acetyl glycoprotein were regulated in the high dose group, and then three metabolites including TMAO, N-acetyl glycoprotein and leucine were altered in the middle dose group, while only phosphatidylcholine (PC) was decreased in the low dose group (P<0.05, P<0.01) significantly. The best ranking of Efficacy index (EI) in three groups was high, middle and low, indicating that the high dose of RF showed the best anti-aging effect. Conclusion: RF exhibited the anti-aging effect probably through regulating oxidative stress, promoting collagen synthesis, and also related with various metabolic pathways, such as amino acid metabolism and gut microbiota metabolism.