Analysis of Characteristic Flavor Substances of Yak Part Meat Based on GC-IMS
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摘要: 为明确牦牛部位肉的特征风味物质，采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用（GC-IMS）技术对牦牛20个部位肉进行挥发性物质分析，并通过指纹图谱、主成分分析、聚类分析以及偏最小二乘法等分析牦牛部位肉中的特征风味物质。结果表明，GC-IMS在牦牛的20个部位肉中共检测出43种风味化合物，包括醇类7种；醛类6种；酮类6种；酯类8种；酸类3种；烯类2种；杂环类11种。通过绘制指纹图谱，得到了牦牛不同部位肉中的特征峰区域，其中2-乙基呋喃、2-甲基吡嗪、丙酸、反式-2-戊烯醛、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、2-甲基丙烯醛和乙二醇单乙醚在牦牛肉20个部位中均为主要特征风味物质；主成分及聚类分析结果显示，20个部位聚为两大类；由偏最小二乘法筛选出1-戊烯、2-乙基呋喃等12 种标志性化合物，由牦牛肉相对气味活度值含量可知3-甲基丁醛、2-甲基丙酸乙酯以及1-戊烯-3-酮，这三种物质的ROAV值大于1，表明这三种物质是影响牦牛部位肉风味差异的关键物质。研究结果为牦牛部位肉品质评价和精深加工提供了理论依据。Abstract: In order to clarify the characteristic flavor compounds of yak part meat, gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was used to analyze the volatile compounds in 20 parts of yak meat, and the characteristic flavor compounds in yak part meat were analyzed by fingerprinting, principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and partial least squares (PLS). The results showed that 43 flavor compounds were detected by GC-IMS in 20 parts of yak meat, including 7 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 6 ketones, 8 esters, 3 acids, 2 alkenes, and 11 heterocycles. The characteristic peak areas in different parts of yak meat were obtained by drawing fingerprints, among which 2-ethylfuran, 2-methylpyrazine, propionic acid, trans-2-pentenal, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-methacrolein and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether were the main characteristic flavor compounds in 20 parts of yak meat. The results of PCA and CA showed that the 20 parts of yak meat were clustered into two major groups. Twelve signature compounds, including 1-pentene and 2-ethylfuran, were screened out by PLS, and 3-methylbutyraldehyde, ethyl 2-methylpropionate, and 1-penten-3-one were identified by the relative odor activity value (ROAV) of the yak meat, which ROAV were greater than 1, indicating that they were the key substances influencing the flavor differences of the yak meat parts. The results of this study would provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of yak part meat quality and deep processing.
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牦牛起源于中国，我国现有牦牛1400余万头，占全世界牦牛数量的95%以上[1]，主要分布在青藏高原地区，它属于偶蹄目牛科，是一种哺乳动物，具有较强的适应能力，能在极端严寒和恶劣的环境下生存并繁衍。因其长期生活在高海拔地区[2]它的肉质具有独特的风味，牦牛肉还有另一个称号，叫做“牛肉之冠”，属于半野生天然绿色食品，其营养价值丰富、加工方式多元、味道鲜美，具有高蛋白低脂肪的特点[3]，深受消费者喜爱。
风味是评定食品食用品质的重要指标[4]，其中不同的挥发性化合物能体现不同的风味特征。朱彦宾等[5]研究讨论了年龄对不同部位牦牛肉氨基酸、蛋白质含量和风味物质组成有较大影响；俞彭欣[6]分析对比了不同品种不同部位羊肉食用及营养品质的差异；原琦等[7]研究了同一类化合物在不同部位小白牛肉所占比例不同。不同部位的牦牛肉含有不同的肌肉组织及脂肪含量等，这会对肉的质地和口感产生影响，同时，牦牛肉也含有许多风味物质，也会影响牛肉的风味和口感。在国内外，牦牛主要是以整个胴体或者半个胴体的形式销售，不能较好的体现不同部位肉的品质及其风味特点。气相色谱-离子迁移谱（gas chromatography-ionmobility spectroscopy，GC-IMS）结合了GC技术和IMS技术，将这种风味检测技术应用于牦牛不同的部位肉上，可以较好区分牦牛部位肉的风味差异，进而对牦牛不同部位肉的各种加工适宜性提供数据支撑，提高牦牛产业效益。GC-IMS的应用主要面向非靶向的分析，对挥发性物质进行定性与半定量[8]，其能够将气相色谱法优异的分离能力与离子迁移谱法高灵敏度相结合[9]，因为其可便利操作、检测速度较快、无需前处理以及可以对痕量物质进行全面分析[10]，在不同样品的差异表征上有着独特的优势[11]。
本研究对牦牛胴体进行精细分割，以牦牛胴体的20个部位肉为原料，分析不同部位肉之间风味物质的差异，并对其进行聚类分析及主成分分析，筛选影响牦牛肉风味的关键特征物质，旨在为牦牛肉的品质评价和精深加工提供理论支持。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 材料与仪器
牦牛肉 采自青海夏华清真肉食品有限公司，屠宰年龄为36±3月的健康公牦牛6头，宰后经48 h排酸，分割取样，选取了20个部位：小黄瓜条（n-001）、霖肉（n-002）、肩肉（n-003）、肋肉（n-004）、金钱腱（n-005）、板腱（n-006）、上脑（n-007）、眼肉（n-008）、辣椒条（n-009）、上三筋（n-010）、胸肉（n-11）、针扒（n-012）、尾龙扒（n-013）、烩扒（n-014）、脖肉（n-015）、里脊（n-016）、牛腩（n-017）、前腱子（n-018）、后腱子（n-019）、外脊（n-020），肉样装入冻存管，同冻存管一同置于干冰罐内，运至实验室后放置-80 ℃冰箱内冷冻保存待测。
绞肉机（型号：JR61） 广东奥帝尔电子科技有限公司；20 mL顶空瓶 山东海能科学仪器有限公司；FlavourSpec® 气相离子迁移谱 G.A.S.公司（德国，Dortmund）；FS-SE-54-CB-1色谱柱（15m，0.53 mm ID） 美国 Restek公司。
1.2 实验方法
1.2.1 挥发性风味物质测定方法
样品处理：称取1.5~2 g样品，绞肉机打碎置于20 mL顶空瓶中待分析，每个样品测定3个平行。
GC条件：顶空进样体积为200 µL；孵育时间为20 min；孵育温度为80 ℃；进样针温度为85 ℃；孵化转速为500 r/min；不分流进样；色谱柱的温度为60 ℃。载气起始流速2 mL/min，保持2 min，2~10 min流速为10 mL/min，10~20 min流速100 mL/min，20~30 min流速为100 mL/min[12]。
IMS检测条件：漂移气为高纯氮气（纯度≥99.999%）；其流速150 mL/min；IMS探测器温度为45 ℃；漂移管长度为9.8 cm；管内线性电压为500 V/cm；漂移管温度为45 ℃。
定性定量分析：对牦牛部位肉样的挥发性化合物定性主要采用内置的NIST数据库和IMS数据库[13]；采用峰体积归一化法进行定量。
1.2.2 相对气味活度值
ROAV是一种结合阈值判定化合物重要性的方法，参考刘登勇等[14]的研究方法计算气味活度值，设定牦牛肉风味化合物最大样品ROAV为 100，计算公式如下：
ROAVi=CriC-stan×T-stanTri×100 式中，C-stan表示以最大化合物的相对含量为标准（%），T-stan表示以最大化合物阈值作为标准（μg/kg）；Cri表示某个化合物相对含量（%）；Tri表示某个挥发性化合物阈值（μg/kg）。
1.3 数据处理
通过SIMCA 14.1软件进行OPLS-DA，利用Origin 2019软件中Apps插件进行聚类分析及绘图，GC-IMS仪器配套的分析软件，通过VOCal、Reporter和Gallery Plot插件分别从不同角度进行样品分析。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 不同牦牛部位肉 GC-IMS 挥发性化合物对比分析
图1为牦牛不同部位肉中挥发性成分GC-IMS二维谱图，其能够对样品不同组分进行直观的分析且提高定性的准确度。图中横、纵坐标表示离子迁移和保留时间，红色垂直线表示反应离子峰（reaction ion peak，RIP）[15]，其两侧的亮点各代表一种挥发性物质，亮点的颜色深、面积大，则表示该成分含量越高，红色代表对应成分含量较高，白色代表对应成分含量较低，由图可得辣椒条部位（n-009）光谱中的红斑明显比其他区域颜色深，针扒部位（n-012）和尾龙扒部位（n-013）中的大多数挥发性物质浓度高于其他部位，金钱腱部位（n-005）、板腱部位（n-006）、上三筋部位（n-010）、胸肉部位（n-011）、脖肉部位（n-015）、里脊部位（n-016）和牛腩部位（n-017）中的挥发性物质浓度则相对较低，挥发性物质浓度最低的为上三筋部位（n-010），由此可见，不同牦牛部位肉中挥发性化合物含量及浓度存在一定差异。
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图 1 牦牛不同部位肉中挥发性成分GC-IMS二维谱图Figure 1. GC-IMS two-dimensional spectra of volatile components in different parts of yak meat2.2 牦牛不同部位肉 GC-IMS 挥发性化合物测定结果
2.2.1 牦牛不同部位肉挥发性组分的定性分析
为研究牦牛肉20个不同部位之间的风味物质，利用气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术，对牦牛的20个部位的风味物质化合物成分及相对含量进行分析鉴定，共检测到43种成分，其中醇类化合物7种；醛类化合物6种；酮类化合物6种；酯类化合物8种；酸类化合物3种；烯类化合物2种；杂环类化合物11种。
醇类物质一般由醛或酮发生还原反应而生成，风味物质碳原子的数量会影响其风味，3个碳原子以下的醇类物质大多具有使人感到舒服愉快的轻微香味，大多数不饱和醇类物质具有很好的花果香和草木香气。一般情况下4～6个碳原子具有类似于麻醉的气味，具有7个以上碳原子醇类物质有芳香气味[16]，直链不饱和醇的气味阈值低[17]。样品中醇类物质主要有1-戊醇、2-甲基丁醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、反-3-己烯醇、3-甲基-3-丁烯醇、2-甲基丙醇以及2-甲基-2-丙醇。
醛类物质是脂类氧化产生的典型化合物，在肉类里作为主要的香气成分[18]，它来源于不饱和脂肪酸氧化或糖类降解过程[19]，检测出的醛类物质有：反式-2-戊烯醛、2-甲基戊醛、3-甲基丁醛、3-甲基-2-丁烯醛、反式-2-己烯醛、2-甲基丙烯醛，C5-C9的醛表现的风味为清香和脂香[20]。
酮类物质属于不稳定的中间体，一般被还原成相应的醇[21]，主要由脂肪氧化产生[21]，其呈花香味、奶油味[22]，因此可减弱肉腥味[23]。本研究中检测出的酮类物质有：4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮、2-甲基四氢呋喃-3-酮、3-戊酮、2,3-丁二酮、1-戊烯-3-酮。Elmore等[24]发现，其中的2,3-丁二酮的浓度稍低时呈奶油味，因此酮类化合物主要贡献于牦牛肉的甜香和果香风味，且碳链越长，花香味越浓郁[25]。
酯类是肉的典型气味[26]，检测出酯类物质有：2-甲基丙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸异丁酯、丙酸乙酯等，其源于醇类与酸类物质酯化反应[27]，呈有甜香和果香味[28]，其检测阈值低，属于重要风味物质[29]。
酸类通常是脂肪酸、脂类氧化和酶解产生的，检测出3种：2-甲基丁酸、丙酸、2-甲基丙酸。酸类化合物不仅提供酸味，同时提供香气和一些不愉快的气味，是独特风味形成过程中不可或缺的物质；其中果味主要在短链酸脂类物质上出现，长链酸形成的脂类物质主要表现为淡淡的油脂味道[30]。
烯类物质主要来源于脂肪酸烷氧自由基出现均裂的过程，具有高芳香阈值，整体贡献较小，牦牛肉中检测出的烯类化合物有异戊二烯和1-戊烯，其中部分具有香气贡献，异戊二烯赋予牦牛肉松脂味、薄荷甜味[31]，1-戊烯等这些物质赋予牦牛肉更加丰富的风味。
其他杂环类化合物有11种，如2-甲基吡嗪、2,5-二甲基呋喃、四氢呋喃和N-甲基甲胺等，其来源于蛋白质变解[32]，呋喃是稳定的五元环结构[33]，不含硫的呋喃类主要是甜香和坚果香，但对肉香有非常重要的作用[34]，肉的味道不仅是这些挥发性物质的积累，还是它们所有物质的相互作用。
2.2.2 牦牛不同部位肉挥发性组分的定量分析
为更进一步分析牦牛肉20个不同部位之间风味化合物的变化，采用归一法对样品中鉴定出的不同类型化合物进行半定量分析。如表1所示，在样品中鉴定出香气化合物中的杂环类、酮类和醇类物质相对含量较大，各样品之间差异较明显。
表 1 牦牛不同部位肉挥发性组分的定量分析Table 1. Quantitative analysis of volatile components in different parts of yak meat物质
类别中文名称 相对含量（%） 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 小黄瓜条 霖肉 肩肉 肋肉 金钱腱 板腱 上脑 眼肉 辣椒条 上三筋 胸肉 针扒 尾龙扒 烩扒 脖肉 里脊 牛腩 前腱子 后腱子 外脊 酯类 2-甲基丙
酸乙酯3.03±0.20ghi 3.82±0.24efg 3.88±0.19 efg 3.82±0.02 efg 5.53±0.35 cd 9.00±0.19a 1.21±0.25j 4.62±1.14 de 6.72±0.08b 2.49±0.49hi 4.22±0.78ef 1.97±0.29ij 3.39±0.21fgh 3.88±0.22 efg 6.93±0.51b 3.02±0.36ghi 5.99±1.41bc 6.16±0.30 bc 3.47±0.10fgh 5.46±0.58 cd 乙酸丙酯 1.48±0.03a 1.20±0.07cd 1.43±0.03a 1.21±0.05c 1.08±0.06def 1.01±0.05fgh 1.05±0.06efg 1.17±0.05cd 1.15±0.14cde 0.90±0.09h 1.18±0.06cd 1.47±0.10a 1.37±0.04ab 1.27±0.03bc 1.03±0.05efg 1.22±0.03c 0.96±0.02gh 1.09±0.03def 1.09±0.04def 1.02±0.02fgh 乙酸异丁酯 0.49±0.05ab 0.46±0.11ab 0.55±0.12a 0.36±0.12abcd 0.47±0.13ab 0.50±0.03ab 0.13±0.03f 0.13±0.02f 0.23±0.00cdef 0.14±0.02ef 0.33±0.26bcdef 0.51±0.09ab 0.33±0.12bcdef 0.23±0.02cdef 0.39±0.09abcd 0.20±0.10def 0.35±0.04abcd 0.40±0.05abc 0.34±0.13bcde 0.22±0.05cdef 丙酸乙酯 0.44±0.04defg 0.37±0.05fgh 0.53±0.07def 0.34±0.02fgh 0.47±0.09def 1.28±0.25a 0.17±0.01h 0.32±0.08fgh 0.84±0.18bc 0.16±0.03h 0.23±0.03gh 0.41±0.07efg 0.64±0.06cd 0.52±0.02def 0.59±0.07de 0.32±0.04fgh 0.49±0.20def 0.91±0.12b 0.35±0.05fgh 0.39±0.13efg 甲氧基乙
酸乙酯1.23±0.22bcde 1.29±0.44bcd 2.28±0.46a 0.55±0.12fgh 1.52±0.66b 1.47±0.68b 0.18±0.06h 0.26±0.04h 0.72±0.29cdefgh 0.25±0.03h 0.26±0.02h 1.32±0.30bc 1.03±0.45bcdef 0.51±0.03fgh 0.98±0.36bcdefg 0.34±0.08gh 0.61±0.19efgh 1.30±0.18bc 0.62±0.15efgh 0.64±0.18defgh 甲酸异戊酯 0.38±0.04k 0.74±0.09ab 0.43±0.03jk 0.52±0.02efghi 0.57±0.01defg 0.64±0.01cd 0.43±0.03ijk 0.50±0.02ghij 0.42±0.02jk 0.55±0.04efgh 0.59±0.03def 0.51±0.05fghij 0.54±0.05efgh 0.50±0.04ghij 0.79±0.04a 0.47±0.01hijk 0.69±0.09bc 0.60±0.02de 0.55±0.02efgh 0.54±0.04efgh 乙酸乙酯 0.20±0.05e 0.21±0.02e 0.29±0.15e 0.38±0.17e 0.30±0.17e 0.41±0.19e 1.83±1.07bcde 3.87±0.74a 4.16±0.29a 2.38±1.51abcd 3.17±2.8abc 1.11±0.45de 1.59±0.92cde 3.52±0.55ab 2.64±0.76abcd 3.46±0.55abc 3.57±0.7ab 4.07±1.16a 2.38±0.89abcd 1.84±0.33bcde 乙酸甲酯 1.04±0.20e 1.27±0.24de 1.37±0.08de 1.21±0.22de 2.65±0.36bcde 4.00±0.45abc 2.58±0.50cde 2.99±0.37bcd 3.37±0.46abc 3.32±1.16abc 5.08±2.53a 2.73±0.07bcde 3.35±0.75abc 2.83±0.06bcde 4.49±1.24ab 3.39±1.62abc 4.32±0.73abc 4.21±1.35abc 3.45±1.21abc 3.35±0.56abc 醇类 1-戊醇 0.43±0.05i 0.61±0.07def 0.68±0.11cdef 0.48±0.06ghi 0.73±0.06cd 0.97±0.07b 0.48±0.06ghi 1.21±0.11a 1.00±0.03b 0.51±0.04ghi 1.01±0.11b 0.58±0.02efghi 0.73±0.11cd 0.53±0.04fghi 0.80±0.03c 0.44±0.08hi 0.71±0.07cde 0.72±0.03cde 0.71±0.05cde 0.59±0.14 defgh 3-甲基-1-丁醇 1.79±0.22cde 1.86±0.37cde 2.59±0.39bc 0.94±0.13fghi 2.36±0.68bcd 3.61±1.08a 0.30±0.08i 0.45±0.10ghi 1.51±0.46ef 0.33±0.11hi 0.42±0.17hi 1.59±0.12def 1.71±0.48def 1.10±0.10efghi 1.92±0.40cde 0.63±0.13ghi 1.14±0.44efgh 2.85±0.23 ab 1.25±0.20efg 1.26±0.47efg 反-3-己烯醇 0.04±0.01def 0.04±0.01def 0.04±0.01bc 0.04±0.01def 0.04±0.00bcd 0.08±0.02b 0.03±0.01f 0.08±0.03bc 0.13±0.04 a 0.04±0.01def 0.06±0.02bcde 0.04±0.01def 0.06±0.01bcd 0.05±0.01cdef 0.05±0.02cdef 0.03±0.00ef 0.04±0.01ab 0.05±0.01cdef 0.04±0.01def 0.05±0.01 cdef 2-甲基丁醇 0.74±0.03gh 0.79±0.10gh 0.74±0.05gh 0.78±0.04gh 1.45±0.10ef 3.53±0.19a 0.70±0.03h 2.30±0.38bc 1.94±0.07cd 1.13±0.03fg 2.47±0.38b 0.62±0.09h 0.81±0.05gh 0.89±0.09gh 1.87±0.26de 0.71±0.02h 1.80±0.33de 1.75±0.16 de 0.83±0.02gh 1.48±0.50ef 3-甲基-3-
丁烯醇0.71±0.18efgh 0.75±0.05cdefg 0.83±0.24cdef 0.55±0.05fghi 0.43±0.12hi 0.39±0.02i 1.00±0.07cd 1.58±0.17b 2.21±0.13a 0.44±0.06hi 0.89±0.22cde 1.02±0.15 c 1.00±0.23cd 0.87±0.16cde 0.26±0.08i 0.51±0.12ghi 0.32±0.09i 0.93±0.07 cde 0.71±0.04defgh 0.69±0.21efgh 2-甲基丙醇 1.44±0.38defg 1.23±0.17efg 2.27±0.74abc 1.17±0.21fg 2.27±0.69abc 2.03±0.40bcd 1.60±0.30cdefg 2.47±0.09 ab 1.80±0.03fghi 2.97±0.49a 1.75±0.26bcdefg 1.94±0.46bcde 1.61±0.45 cdefg 1.08±0.03g 1.24±0.28efg 1.54±0.30cdefg 1.42±0.26defg 1.50±0.13defg 1.87±0.23bcdef 1.53±0.32defg 2-甲基-2-丙醇 13.26±2.21abc 16.56±0.71a 10.36±2.03bcd 8.30±1.38def 10.11±1.74cd 7.37±0.65defg 13.70±2.17a 8.74±0.75de 5.94±0.10efg 14.26±3.27a 13.60±2.19ab 7.44±1.20defg 6.35±1.45efg 4.85±0.47g 6.41±1.16efg 7.04±0.79 defg 8.77±3.13de 5.26±0.22fg 7.07±0.50defg 6.61±1.14efg 醛类 反式-2-戊烯醛 2.81±0.08 abc 2.36±0.22cdef 2.92±0.08de 2.62±0.07fg 3.75±0.10 efg 4.26±0.11 a 1.43±0.21fgh 1.75±0.19fgh 2.50±0.09cdef 1.73±0.17efg 1.74±0.40 gh 2.26±0.20de 2.62±0.09fg 2.60±0.07 gh 3.77±0.09 gh 2.04±0.10fghi 3.17±0.43 gh 3.54±0.06 i 2.58±0.09 gh 3.15±0.20 gh 2-甲基戊醛 0.38±0.02 efg 0.38±0.04de 0.41±0.03 bcd 0.25±0.02 abc 0.39±0.05 gh 0.40±0.04fg 0.18±0.03 cdefg 0.25±0.03de 0.44±0.08i 0.16±0.02de 0.23±0.03fgh 0.52±0.02a 0.41±0.07i 0.29±0.04def 0.30±0.03 efg 0.21±0.02cdef 0.22±0.03cdefg 0.42±0.02efg 0.34±0.04efg 0.29±0.05def 3-甲基丁醛 1.00±0.16 efg 0.95±0.08def 0.96±0.13 abc 1.15±0.07 gh 1.37±0.16 gh 2.27±0.17 a 0.49±0.07fgh 0.69±0.14 efg 0.79±0.04 efg 0.58±0.02 bcd 0.84±0.04i 0.64±0.09de 0.93±0.08fg 1.08±0.03cdef 2.02±0.30 a 0.76±0.16gh 1.67±0.46def 1.46±0.08efg 0.72±0.03fgh 1.23±0.05ef 3-甲基-2-
丁烯醛0.09±0.01 efg 0.14±0.03fghi 0.08±0.01fgh 0.15±0.02a 0.19±0.04de 0.14±0.03 abc 0.25±0.05 bcd 0.35±0.02 a 0.27±0.03fgh 0.31±0.04def 0.33±0.04 efg 0.15±0.04de 0.16±0.04cdef 0.17±0.02fgh 0.21±0.02 gh 0.17±0.02i 0.18±0.00de 0.18±0.04efgh 0.23±0.03 cdefg 0.20±0.04efg 反式-2-己烯醛 0.39±0.09efg 1.01±0.17a 0.36±0.07fgh 0.23±0.04 efg 0.32±0.01def 0.35±0.06de 0.15±0.02fgh 0.17±0.03 gh 0.23±0.05fg 0.20±0.03i 0.19±0.02 abc 0.31±0.03cdef 0.26±0.04def 0.23±0.03fghi 0.32±0.01 abc 0.19±0.02cdef 0.27±0.05bcd 0.31±0.02efg 0.25±0.02cdef 0.25±0.02defg 2-甲基丙烯醛 7.09±0.44cde 8.56±0.58abc 6.44±0.58def 9.69±0.76ab 9.72±1.58ab 10.28±1.34a 6.42±0.20def 7.03±0.24 cde 5.26±0.16 ab 9.74±0.51f 8.06±1.61ef 5.81±0.20ef 6.27±0.52 cdef 6.90±0.29 ab 9.60±1.55ef 6.50±0.34def 9.73±0.25 ab 6.63±0.79def 7.23±1.10 cde 9.02±0.86 ab 酮类 4-羟基-4-
甲基-2-戊酮3.42±0.17cde 3.13±0.08fg 3.17±0.18de 4.03±0.16 cd 4.44±0.14 ghi 4.35±0.06efg 3.31±0.25 cdef 3.93±0.17 cde 3.42±0.09 gh 4.20±0.36 abc 4.64±0.30 bcd 3.14±0.09 cd 3.47±0.16de 3.31±0.17 efg 5.07±0.16 abc 3.14±0.10 gh 4.20±0.54 ghi 3.59±0.06 gh 3.47±0.14 i 3.99±0.34 gh 3-羟基-2-丁酮 0.47±0.02 efg 0.32±0.03defg 0.48±0.08a 0.35±0.04de 0.48±0.08 ghi 0.67±0.13 abc 0.44±0.05 efg 0.56±0.06 efg 0.73±0.09 ghi 0.30±0.02 abc 0.53±0.08 cd 0.65±0.03 gh 0.43±0.08de 0.34±0.03 cd 0.43±0.03 gh 0.32±0.04 ghi 0.38±0.08 abc 0.50±0.07 i 0.34±0.02 hi 0.38±0.06 fghi 2-甲基四氢
呋喃-3-酮0.17±0.02 abc 0.19±0.02 cd 0.21±0.02 abc 0.23±0.00cd 0.24±0.04de 0.42±0.06 ghi 0.31±0.05 efg 0.58±0.21 i 1.44±0.27 defg 0.26±0.02de 0.59±0.24 fghi 0.30±0.06bcd 0.28±0.04 efg 0.31±0.01de 0.29±0.05 ghi 0.23±0.04 hi 0.35±0.06 i 0.35±0.02 defg 0.25±0.01 gh 0.45±0.11 i 3-戊酮 20.41±0.87 ghi 9.50±1.70 cd 18.64±1.55 abc 15.80±0.85 defg 4.61±0.70de 0.81±0.06 cd 26.68±1.04 efg 13.09±2.75 efghi 16.28±0.90 hi 9.32±1.60 abc 6.34±0.60 hi 23.76±1.00 efg 19.89±1.41 fghi 20.83±0.23 i 1.65±0.87 hi 24.39±1.01 abc 3.46±3.11cdef 10.42±1.17 i 19.12±1.45fghi 9.89±2.36 abc 2,3-丁二酮 0.97±0.13a 0.97±0.03 efg 1.20±0.31 defg 1.70±0.22 abc 1.58±0.18 hi 1.13±0.17 efg 0.64±0.03 abc 0.70±0.07 i 0.68±0.05 ghi 1.28±0.11 i 0.71±0.14 ghi 1.09±0.25 cd 1.00±0.17 fg 1.38±0.27 i 1.04±0.16 defg 0.83±0.17 fghi 1.20±0.05 abc 0.80±0.14 cd 1.08±0.26 gh 1.22±0.28i 1-戊烯-3-酮 0.41±0.04 efg 0.57±0.06 fghi 0.37±0.02 bcd 0.72±0.12 hi 0.62±0.04 abc 0.48±0.05 ghi 0.38±0.13 defg 0.42±0.07 abc 0.45±0.05 hi 0.66±0.02 ghi 0.64±0.10 cd 0.21±0.06 bcd 0.81±0.01 hi 0.74±0.17 abc 1.16±0.12i 0.38±0.02ef 0.75±0.26 fghi 0.69±0.07 ghi 0.88±0.08efg 1.00±0.24 cd 酸类 2-甲基丁酸 1.91±0.32ef 1.70±0.08 abc 1.70±0.44 cd 1.67±0.11 fghi 2.17±0.59de 2.04±0.52 cd 1.63±0.40 bcd 1.90±0.28 hi 1.99±0.22 abc 1.61±0.62 fghi 2.49±0.64 efg 1.55±0.41 i 1.94±0.54 abc 1.32±0.21 fghi 2.67±0.68 ghi 1.25±0.12 defg 1.53±0.54 efghi 1.69±0.08de 1.65±0.24 fg 1.59±0.36 cd 丙酸 1.94±0.12a 1.88±0.14ab 1.94±0.19 fghi 3.10±0.11 abc 3.60±0.4 defg 3.80±0.59 hi 1.80±0.12 efg 3.18±0.08 fghi 1.75±0.28 hi 3.54±0.14de 3.86±0.31 cd 1.31±0.17 cd 2.01±0.34 defg 2.61±0.18 fghi 4.18±0.76efghi 2.44±0.22 abc 4.44±0.13 fghi 2.95±0.12 cd 2.67±0.14 fghi 3.69±0.12 ghi 2-甲基丙酸 0.55±0.08 defg 0.64±0.04 abc 0.64±0.13 efghi 0.60±0.01 bcd 0.80±0.16 ghi 1.01±0.22 abc 0.57±0.04 cd 1.67±0.29 efgh 2.17±0.14a 0.64±0.14 hi 1.32±0.24 efg 0.99±0.16 i 0.66±0.14 hi 0.52±0.04 efg 0.66±0.07 ghi 0.41±0.06 abc 0.55±0.08hi 0.67±0.04 efghi 0.56±0.04i 0.56±0.18 abc 烯类 异戊二烯 0.51±0.09hi 0.47±0.14ghi 0.77±0.18 abc 0.48±0.06 efgh 0.97±0.14de 0.98±0.10de 0.53±0.08a 0.87±0.04 defg 1.36±0.15 efg 0.87±0.13 efghi 1.05±0.24 ef 1.19±0.32 abc 1.46±0.09 cdef 1.34±0.22hi 1.47±0.02 hi 0.69±0.02def 0.68±0.17 cdefg 1.28±0.10 cde 1.32±0.07 de 1.04±0.10 ghi 1-戊烯 0.81±0.11 cdef 1.13±0.06 efg 0.99±0.10egd 1.57±0.04 efg 1.47±0.16a 1.34±0.17 cdef 1.26±0.14 cde 1.52±0.18 abc 1.17±0.05 efghi 1.61±0.31ef 1.35±0.05de 1.90±0.26efg 1.79±0.01 bcd 1.64±0.04de 1.69±0.38 defg 1.25±0.16 efgh 1.77±0.49 bcd 1.24±0.23cdef 1.51±0.15 abc 1.44±0.19 ghi 杂环 2-甲基吡嗪 2.86±0.03 cd 2.48±0.28 efg 3.31±0.09fghi 2.15±0.27a 3.38±0.27 defg 3.33±0.34ghi 0.90±0.31 cd 1.29±0.23de 2.08±0.19i 1.18±0.30 efg 1.30±0.11hi 2.49±0.14 cdef 2.25±0.31hi 1.90±0.07a 3.00±0.27ghi 1.54±0.15de 2.40±0.36 cdefh 2.88±0.06de 2.14±0.16fghi 2.32±0.26 efg 2,5-二甲
基呋喃4.20±0.10fghi 3.71±0.19 abc 3.28±0.20 ghi 2.78±0.28 i 2.03±0.10de 2.17±0.16bcde 4.62±0.04 cdefg 2.32±0.10ghi 2.89±0.18 efg 1.91±0.07de 2.16±0.08 fghi 6.4±0.65 cd 3.67±0.15 fghi 3.11±0.21 fghi 2.55±0.09 abc 3.21±0.25hi 2.25±0.15 efg 2.32±0.07efghi 2.81±0.08de 2.69±0.25i 二甲基二硫 0.54±0.04 ghi 0.41±0.06 fghi 0.48±0.03 abc 0.77±0.18hi 0.57±0.08de 0.47±0.14 fghi 0.50±0.07 efg 0.42±0.01 fghi 0.34±0.06 fg 0.55±0.07 fgh 1.17±1.14 abc 0.65±0.11 i 0.38±0.04de 0.43±0.04i 0.54±0.11 ef 0.49±0.14 efg 0.73±0.22 0.37±0.03 abc 0.55±0.11a 0.34±0.04 cdefg 乙二醇单乙醚 1.12±0.06 efg 1.86±0.17 cd 1.00±0.11i 1.03±0.12 efg 0.62±0.06 i 0.51±0.07 abc 0.72±0.08 cd 0.71±0.05 fghi 0.74±0.08a 0.59±0.05ghi 0.65±0.02fg 1.23±0.17i 1.23±0.05 cdefg 1.05±0.00hi 0.99±0.08efg 0.81±0.01 fghi 0.80±0.14 ghi 0.86±0.05 fghi 1.05±0.02 hi 1.12±0.09 efg 四氢呋喃 7.20±2.80de 7.66±0.44 fghi 6.06±1.86 cdefg 10.00±3.16 efg 10.16±4.60 ghi 12.51±1.57de 8.06±2.00 efg 10.61±1.23 fghi 9.04±0.64 abc 10.07±1.00 cde 9.92±0.31 fghi 7.43±1.89 efg 9.78±1.44a 10.05±0.34 efg 13.81±2.24i 10.57±1.23 efg 12.53±2.68 def 10.13±0.32hi 8.97±0.05hi 11.58±0.31 fghi 2-乙基呋喃 6.16±0.51hi 7.74±0.34 cd 6.17±0.73 cd 10.5±0.19 abc 7.48±0.86 hi 2.73±0.58a 4.95±0.34 cdefg 8.18±0.36ab 5.41±0.61 abc 10.36±1.48ab 8.13±1.00hi 3.38±0.35 fg 5.97±1.09 abc 7.84±0.33 efg 4.56±1.34 efg 7.06±0.91ab 7.27±2.84 abc 8.06±0.24ab 7.74±0.67 fg 9.72±1.65ab 2,6-二甲
基吡嗪2.35±0.46ab 2.54±1.11 cd 4.38±0.33defg 1.00±0.20a 3.07±1.38fg 2.18±0.68 efg 0.35±0.14ab 0.50±0.15 fghi 1.87±0.74 efg 0.51±0.14de 0.49±0.05 de 2.46±0.65ab 1.52±0.59 cd 0.88±0.11abc 1.88±0.52 cdefg 0.67±0.10ab 1.11±0.20 abc 1.89±0.20defg 1.26±0.29ab 1.07±0.23 efg 3-丁烯腈 1.35±0.10 efgi 1.57±0.34de 1.43±0.09 efg 1.57±0.07 i 1.99±0.10 efg 1.64±0.23ab 1.44±0.06de 1.87±0.13 abc 1.15±0.22 efg 3.23±0.42ab 2.03±0.21 efg 1.12±0.11a 1.01±0.02 fg 0.99±0.01 abc 1.47±0.15 abc 1.38±0.04fghi 1.88±0.19ab 1.14±0.06fghi 1.51±0.06fghi 1.82±0.08ab 烯丙基腈 0.37±0.10bcd 0.92±0.13abc 0.30±0.05de 0.23±0.01 fghi 0.37±0.04a 0.30±0.02efg 0.28±0.06 fghi 0.23±0.02 cd 0.18±0.02ab 0.38±0.01 efg 0.34±0.06 fghi 0.34±0.06 efg 0.36±0.01ab 0.33±0.04 fghi 0.44±0.08de 0.31±0.03de 0.33±0.07 efg 0.35±0.02ab 0.40±0.02de 0.29±0.04 fghi N,N-二乙
基乙胺1.51±0.11 efg 3.04±0.56 abc 1.36±0.22ghi 1.40±0.07hi 0.79±0.06 fghi 0.83±0.06ab 2.78±0.17 fg 1.05±0.07ab 1.04±0.04 cd 1.15±0.04 i 0.98±0.10efg 2.48±0.22a 1.67±0.28ab 1.78±0.06 cd 0.78±0.05abc 2.37±0.27ab 0.88±0.11de 0.97±0.02ab 1.39±0.13 fghi 1.02±0.13cde N-甲基甲胺 2.30±1.05 i 2.97±0.41ab 2.69±0.09 efg 3.59±0.34ab 2.83±0.10 abc 2.29±0.49 cd 3.52±0.86 de 3.48±1.11de 2.21±0.12 fghi 3.16±0.39ab 2.65±0.24de 3.00±0.58 efg 3.29±0.24a 3.39±0.02ab 3.05±0.74 efg 3.04±1.01ab 4.07±1.70 fghi 2.49±0.64 fghi 3.28±0.38 efgi 3.00±0.11 cd 注：表中结果以平均数±标准差表示，不同小写字母表示差异显著 （P<0.05）。 相对含量超过10%的物质有：板腱部位中含10.28%的2-甲基丙烯醛，其物质具有强烈刺激性臭味[35]，除了板腱，其余19个部位中2-甲基丙烯醛的相对含量都不超过10%，由此可知，板腱部位中刺激性臭味较其他部位强烈，尤其是其肉质氧化后会愈发强烈，因此板腱部位受其风味物质影响较大，不适宜保质期太长的加工方式。肋肉、金钱腱、烩扒、脖肉、里脊、牛腩、前腱子、板腱、眼肉、上三筋和外脊这11个部位中的四氢呋喃相对含量也超过10%，其物质呈黄油和焦糖气味；其中脖肉的四氢呋喃相对含量最高，为13.81%，再者为牛腩和板腱，由此可知加工脖肉、牛腩和板腱部位时，较其他部位更能激发黄油和焦糖气味。肩肉、肋肉、上脑、眼肉、辣椒条、尾龙扒、烩扒、前腱子、后腱子、小黄瓜条、里脊、针扒这12个部位中的3-戊酮相对含量也超过10%，3-戊酮在肉中有焙烤的甜香味，其中上脑部位的3-戊酮相对含量在所有部位以及所有物质含量占比中最大，其值达至26.68%，再者为里脊部位，为24.39%，由此得出上脑和里脊部位的肉更适合烧烤等烤制加工方式，以上风味描述部分来自网站（http://www.odour.org.uk）。2-甲基-2-丙醇的相对含量在小黄瓜条、霖肉、肩肉、上三筋、胸肉、金钱腱、上脑这7个部位中超过10%，肋肉部位中含10.5%的2-乙基呋喃。相对含量在1%~10%之间的有：酯类中的2-甲基丙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、甲氧基乙酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯等，其中上脑、眼肉、辣椒条、上三筋、胸肉、脖肉、里脊、牛腩、后腱子、外脊、肋肉、烩扒的甲氧基乙酸乙酯相对含量小于1%，说明甲氧基乙酸乙酯在以上12个部位中呈味贡献较小。
从图2可得样品的杂环类、酮类和醇类化合物相对含量分别在26.95%～35.03%、7.85%～31.76%和9.38%～21.84%之间，20个部位中，烯类化合物相对含量最少，在4.22%～7.76%之间，由此可得烯类在样品风味中阈值较大，对牦牛部位肉的风味贡献较小。
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图 2 牦牛不同部位肉中香气物质相对含量Figure 2. Relative contents of aroma substances in different parts of yak meat杂环类化合物在牦牛肉风味中占比最大，起到主导作用，尤其是在肋肉、外脊、霖肉部位中含量较高，分别高达35.03%、34.95%、34.88%，杂环中的呋喃类主要呈甜香和坚果香，其中2,5-二甲基呋喃、四氢呋喃、2-乙基呋喃是杂环类化合物主要呈味物质，由此肋肉、外脊、霖肉较其他部位相比，这三个部位肉的风味更偏于呈甜香和坚果香，辣椒条部位中杂环类化合物含量最少，其部位位于牦牛肩胛骨外侧，从肱骨头与肩胛骨结节处，是紧贴冈上窝取出的形如辣椒状的净肉，表明该部位的杂环类化合物较少。霖肉和胸肉中的醇类含量超过20%，因此这两个部位肉较其余18个部位相比，具有较强的花果、草木香气，其原料肉更具有使人感到舒服愉快的轻微芳香，且和含量为9.28%的烩扒部位相比，含量差异较大，则呈味效果差异也较大。上脑中的酮类含量最高，较酮类含量最低的板腱相比，差值大概为24%，酮类物质所呈的奶油味可减弱肉腥味，因此，上脑是牦牛20个部位中腥味最小的部位，可结合不同加工特性选择合适的加工方式，从而提高上脑部位的生产利用率。前腱子、板腱、脖肉、辣椒条中的酯类物质含量在20个部位肉中位居前四，分别为18.73%、18.32%、17.84%、17.61%，酯类使得肉熟制后，果香气味减弱而油脂气味增强，尤其是酯类中的2-甲基丙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、甲氧基乙酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯这四个物质增味。
2.3 牦牛不同部位肉 GC-IMS 挥发性成分指纹图谱对比分析
指纹图谱的每一行代表一种牦牛肉的所有信号峰，每列指纹表示牦牛不同部位肉中的相同化合物，每个化合物的信号越亮，其信号强度越高[36]，图3中可明显看出，3-戊酮、2-乙基呋喃、2-甲基吡嗪、丙酸、反式-2-戊烯醛、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、2-甲基丙烯醛和2-甲基-2-丙醇等是牦牛小黄瓜条部位的主要特征风味化合物；反式-2-己烯醛、乙二醇单乙醚、2-甲基-2-丙醇、乙酸丙酯、甲酸异戊酯、2-乙基呋喃、丙酸、2-甲基吡嗪、反式-2-戊烯醛、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、2-甲基丙烯醛等是牦牛霖肉部位的主要特征风味化合物；在上脑部位中，三乙胺、3-戊酮和2-甲基-2-丙醇为主要特征风味物质；在前腱子和后腱子部位中，1-戊烯-3-酮、异戊二烯和3-戊酮为主要特征风味物质；2-乙基呋喃、2-甲基吡嗪、丙酸、反式-2-戊烯醛、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、2-甲基丙烯醛和乙二醇单乙醚在牦牛肉20个部位中均为主要特征风味物质，而且其信号强度相比其他物质也较强，2-乙基呋喃具有黄油香气及一些果味[37]，对牦牛肉提供水果和黄油风味；在牦牛的肋肉、金钱腱、尾龙扒和烩扒部位中都含有2,3-丁二酮，且信号较强，2,3-丁二酮是具有浓烈奶油味的风味物质[38]，因此以上4个部位肉的奶香为较其他部位略足。综上所述，一些牦牛不同部位肉之间的风味各有特色，在牦牛的肩肉、金钱腱、上脑、辣椒条、针扒、尾龙扒和前腱子等部位综合较多高浓度的挥发性风味物质使得风味更为饱满，结果表明：20种不同部位肉样的挥发性物质存在一定的差异。
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图 3 牦牛不同部位肉中挥发性成分指纹图谱Figure 3. Fingerprints of volatile components in different parts of yak meat2.4 牦牛不同部位肉香气的ROAV分析
牦牛不同部位肉的风味影响因素包括其相对含量及香气阈值，本研究采用计算ROAV进行分析，是把相对含量最大的2-甲基丙酸乙酯的ROAV定义为100，0.1≤ROAV<1的物质对牦牛肉香气有重要的修饰作用[39]，所以筛选ROAV 大于0.1的挥发性物质分析[40]，结果如表2所示，ROAV≥1的物质对牦牛肉香气贡献较大，由表2可得2-甲基丙酸乙酯对牦牛肉香气贡献最大，在样品辣椒条（n-009）和脖肉（n-015）中ROAV较高，其次是1-戊烯-3-酮，在样品肋肉（n-004）、样品金钱腱（n-005）、样品上三筋（n-010）、样品尾龙扒（n-013）、样品烩扒（n-014）、样品牛腩（n-017）和样品前腱子（n-018）中ROAV较高，再者是3-甲基丁醛。
表 2 牦牛肉相对气味活度值Table 2. Relative odor activity value of yak meat编号 中文名称 阈值（μg/kg） ROAV 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 W1 2-甲基丙酸乙酯 0.00011 3.36×
104.25×
104.31×
104.24×
106.14×
101.00×
1021.34×
105.13×
107.47×
102.77×
104.69×
102.19×
103.76×
104.31×
107.70×
103.36×
106.66×
106.85×
103.85×
106.06×
10W2 乙酸丙酯 1 1.81×
10−31.46×
10−31.75×
10−31.48×
10−31.32×
10−31.23×
10−31.28×
10−31.43×
10−31.41×
10−31.10×
10−31.45×
10−31.79×
10−31.67×
10−31.55×
10−31.26×
10−31.49×
10−31.17×
10−31.33×
10−31.33×
10−31.24×
10−3W3 乙酸异丁酯 0.038 1.58×
10−21.49×
10−21.76×
10−21.16×
10−21.52×
10−21.61×
10−24.18×
10−34.07×
10−37.40×
10−34.61×
10−31.05×
10−21.65×
10−21.05×
10−27.50×
10−31.24×
10−26.43×
10−31.12×
10−21.30×
10−21.10×
10−27.08×
10−3W4 丙酸乙酯 1.1 4.89×
10−44.11×
10−45.85×
10−43.74×
10−45.26×
10−41.42×
10−31.93×
10−43.52×
10−49.33×
10−41.81×
10−42.56×
10−44.59×
10−47.07×
10−45.81×
10−46.59×
10−43.52×
10−45.44×
10−41.01×
10−33.85×
10−44.33×
10−4W5 甲氧基乙酸乙酯 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W6 甲酸异戊酯 149 3.14×
10−66.10×
10−63.53×
10−64.24×
10−64.65×
10−65.28×
10−63.55×
10−64.13×
10−63.47×
10−64.48×
10−64.84×
10−64.16×
10−64.46×
10−64.13×
10−66.48×
10−63.83×
10−65.69×
10−64.89×
10−64.51×
10−64.40×
10−6W7 乙酸乙酯 0.88 2.73×
10−42.87×
10−44.07×
10−45.32×
10−44.12×
10−45.74×
10−42.55×
10−35.38×
10−35.78×
10−33.30×
10−34.41×
10−31.55×
10−32.21×
10−34.89×
10−33.67×
10−34.80×
10−34.96×
10−35.65×
10−33.30×
10−32.56×
10−3W8 乙酸甲酯 5.1 2.50×
10−43.04×
10−43.28×
10−42.89×
10−46.35×
10−49.59×
10−46.18×
10−47.17×
10−48.07×
10−47.96×
10−41.22×
10−36.55×
10−48.03×
10−46.77×
10−41.08×
10−38.12×
10−41.03×
10−31.01×
10−38.27×
10−48.03×
10−4W9 1-戊醇 0.1502 3.47×
10−34.99×
10−35.56×
10−33.93×
10−35.94×
10−37.89×
10−33.88×
10−39.82×
10−38.14×
10−34.18×
10−38.25×
10−34.69×
10−35.94×
10−34.34×
10−36.51×
10−33.61×
10−35.80×
10−35.86×
10−35.78×
10−34.83×
10−3W10 3-甲基-1-丁醇 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W11 反-3-己烯醇 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W12 2-甲基丁醇 0.9 1.01×
10−31.07×
10−31.00×
10−31.05×
10−31.97×
10−34.79×
10−39.55×
10−43.12×
10−32.63×
10−31.54×
10−33.36×
10−38.42×
10−41.10×
10−31.21×
10−32.54×
10−39.69×
10−42.45×
10−32.38×
10−31.13×
10−32.01×
10−3W13 3-甲基-3-丁烯醇 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W14 2-甲基丙醇 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W15 2-甲基-2-丙醇 14 1.16×
10−31.45×
10−39.04×
10−47.25×
10−48.83×
10−46.44×
10−41.20×
10−37.63×
10−45.18×
10−41.24×
10−31.19×
10−36.49×
10−45.55×
10−44.23×
10−45.59×
10−46.15×
10−47.66×
10−44.59×
10−46.17×
10−45.77×
10−4W16 反式-2-戊烯醛 2.7 1.27×
10−31.07×
10−31.32×
10−31.19×
10−31.70×
10−31.93×
10−36.49×
10−47.91×
10−41.13×
10−37.83×
10−47.86×
10−41.02×
10−31.18×
10−31.18×
10−31.71×
10−39.25×
10−41.43×
10−31.60×
10−31.17×
10−31.42×
10−3W17 2-甲基戊醛 0.6 7.81×
10−47.81×
10−48.35×
10−45.02×
10−47.88×
10−48.15×
10−43.73×
10−45.09×
10−48.96×
10−43.19×
10−44.69×
10−41.07×
10−38.35×
10−45.84×
10−46.11×
10−44.28×
10−44.41×
10−48.62×
10−46.93×
10−45.84×
10−4W18 3-甲基丁醛 0.00035 3.50×
1003.33×
1003.35×
1004.03×
1004.78×
1007.94×
1001.72×
1002.40×
1002.76×
1002.04×
1002.92×
1002.23×
1003.26×
1003.78×
1007.04×
1002.67×
1005.83×
1005.11×
1002.53×
1004.30×
100W19 3-甲基-2-丁烯醛 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W20 反式-2-己烯醛 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W21 2-甲基丙烯醛 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W22 4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮 37.418 1.12×
10−41.02×
10−41.04×
10−41.32×
10−41.45×
10−41.42×
10−41.08×
10−41.28×
10−41.12×
10−41.37×
10−41.52×
10−41.03×
10−41.13×
10−41.08×
10−41.66×
10−41.03×
10−41.37×
10−41.17×
10−41.13×
10−41.30×
10−4W23 3-羟基-2-丁酮 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W24 2-甲基四氢呋喃-3-酮 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W25 3-戊酮 3 8.32×
10−33.87×
10−37.59×
10−36.44×
10−31.88×
10−33.29×
10−41.09×
10−25.33×
10−36.63×
10−33.80×
10−32.58×
10−39.68×
10−38.10×
10−38.49×
10−36.74×
10−49.94×
10−31.41×
10−34.25×
10−37.79×
10−34.03×
10−3W26 2,3-丁二酮 0.88 1.35×
10−31.34×
10−31.66×
10−32.37×
10−32.20×
10−31.56×
10−38.94×
10−49.72×
10−49.40×
10−41.78×
10−39.91×
10−41.51×
10−31.38×
10−31.92×
10−31.44×
10−31.16×
10−31.66×
10−31.11×
10−31.50×
10−31.69×
10−3W27 1-戊烯-3-酮 0.0001 5.01×
1007.01×
1004.56×
1008.76×
1007.62×
1005.83×
1004.64×
1005.13×
1005.46×
1008.03×
1007.82×
1002.53×
1009.86×
1009.04×
1001.42×
104.64×
1009.17×
1008.47×
1001.08×
101.22×
10W28 2-甲基丁酸 0.02 1.17×
10−11.04×
10−11.04×
10−11.02×
10−11.32×
10−11.24×
10−19.98×
10−21.16×
10−11.22×
10−19.82×
10−21.52×
10−19.45×
10−21.18×
10−18.07×
10−21.63×
10−17.62×
10−29.33×
10−21.03×
10−11.01×
10−19.70×
10−2W29 丙酸 1 2.38×
10−32.29×
10−32.37×
10−33.78×
10−34.40×
10−34.65×
10−32.20×
10−33.88×
10−32.14×
10−34.32×
10−34.72×
10−31.60×
10−32.46×
10−33.19×
10−35.11×
10−32.98×
10−35.43×
10−33.60×
10−33.26×
10−34.51×
10−3W30 2-甲基丙酸 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W31 异戊二烯 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W32 1-戊烯 0.29 3.43×
10−34.78×
10−34.19×
10−36.62×
10−36.20×
10−35.66×
10−35.30×
10−36.42×
10−34.93×
10−36.80×
10−35.69×
10−37.99×
10−37.56×
10−36.93×
10−37.12×
10−35.28×
10−37.45×
10−35.24×
10−36.35×
10−36.05×
10−3W33 2-甲基吡嗪 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W34 2,5-二甲基呋喃 100 5.14×
10−54.53×
10−54.00×
10−53.39×
10−52.48×
10−52.66×
10−55.65×
10−52.84×
10−53.53×
10−52.34×
10−52.64×
10−57.83×
10−54.49×
10−53.81×
10−53.12×
10−53.92×
10−52.75×
10−52.84×
10−53.43×
10−53.29×
10−5W35 二甲基二硫 0.0012 5.53×
10−14.21×
10−14.89×
10−17.84×
10−15.77×
10−14.79×
10−15.06×
10−14.24×
10−13.46×
10−15.64×
10−11.19×
10+06.62×
10−13.90×
10−14.38×
10−15.50×
10−15.02×
10−17.40×
10−13.73×
10−15.57×
10−13.43×
10−1W36 乙二醇单乙醚 2.1 6.50×
10−41.08×
10−35.80×
10−45.98×
10−43.63×
10−42.99×
10−44.17×
10−44.15×
10−44.33×
10−43.41×
10−43.78×
10−47.14×
10−47.16×
10−46.11×
10−45.76×
10−44.71×
10−44.66×
10−45.01×
10−46.09×
10−46.50×
10−4W37 四氢呋喃 18 4.89×
10−45.20×
10−44.11×
10−46.79×
10−46.90×
10−48.49×
10−45.47×
10−47.21×
10−46.14×
10−46.84×
10−46.74×
10−45.05×
10−46.64×
10−46.83×
10−49.38×
10−47.18×
10−48.51×
10−46.88×
10−46.09×
10−47.86×
10−4W38 2-乙基呋喃 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W39 2,6-二甲基吡嗪 1.72 1.67×
10−31.80×
10−33.11×
10−37.08×
10−42.18×
10−31.55×
10−32.46×
10−43.53×
10−41.33×
10−33.60×
10−43.51×
10−41.75×
10−31.08×
10−36.28×
10−41.34×
10−34.76×
10−47.86×
10−41.35×
10−38.98×
10−47.58×
10−4W40 3-丁烯腈 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W41 烯丙基腈 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W42 N,N-二乙基乙胺 0.022 8.37×
10−21.69×
10−17.57×
10−27.78×
10−24.41×
10−24.59×
10−21.55×
10−15.85×
10−25.76×
10−26.39×
10−25.44×
10−21.38×
10−19.28×
10−29.87×
10−24.35×
10−21.32×
10−14.89×
10−25.37×
10−27.72×
10−25.65×
10−2W43 N-甲基甲胺 7.75 3.62×
10−44.68×
10−44.24×
10−45.67×
10−44.47×
10−43.61×
10−45.56×
10−45.49×
10−43.49×
10−44.98×
10−44.18×
10−44.73×
10−45.19×
10−45.34×
10−44.81×
10−44.79×
10−46.42×
10−43.93×
10−45.17×
10−44.73×
10−4注：阈值数据主要来源于《化合物嗅觉阈值汇编》，“/”表示该物质阈值未检出。 为进一步研究牦牛肉不同部位挥发性成分的变化，采用主成分分析法对牦牛肉ROAV进行分析，如图4所示，第一主成分方差贡献率为70.5%，第二主成分方差贡献率为24.4%，第三主成分方差贡献率为5.2%，表明3个主成分能够代表原始数据的信息，由图可知，在第一主成分上的W18（3-甲基丁醛）、W1（2-甲基丙酸乙酯）和W27（1-戊烯-3-酮），且这三种物质的ROAV值大于1，表明这些挥发性物质可能是影响牦牛20个部位肉风味差异的关键物质。
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图 4 牦牛不同部位肉挥发性成分 PCA 双标图Figure 4. PCA double-label plot of volatile components in different parts of yak meat2.5 牦牛不同部位肉挥发性化合物的PCA及聚类分析
PCA能够了解各组样品间差异及差异程度，作为常用的数据降维分析方法，还可准确找出样品之间的关系并保持对方差贡献最大的特征[41]。为直观分析牦牛不同部位肉风味的差异，采用PCA法对挥发性物质的峰值信号强度进行分析，结果见图5。图中的每个数字代表一个样品，1~20部位分别为小黄瓜条、霖肉、肩肉、肋肉、金钱腱、板腱、上脑、眼肉、辣椒条、上三筋、胸肉、针扒、尾龙扒、烩扒、脖肉、里脊、牛腩、前腱子、后腱子、外脊，第一主成分占方差的30%，第二主成分占方差的20.5%，PC1和PC2的累计贡献率超过50%，风味物质相同较多的部位之间相互靠拢，说明牦牛20个部位风味具有一定差异，小黄瓜条、霖肉、肩肉、针扒在和尾龙扒图中互相靠拢，且图5中可得辣椒条（n-009）样品与另外两组相隔较远，说明辣椒条部位的风味较其他部位更为独特，这一结果与GC-IMS谱图得到的结果一致。
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图 5 牦牛不同部位肉中挥发性成分的PCA得分图Figure 5. Plot of PCA scores of volatile components in different parts of yak meat由图6可知，PC1贡献率为26.1%，PC2贡献率为20.4% ，罗杨等[42]研究认为PCA图中物质间距近，则代表影响差异小，说明图中分布较聚集的物质其含量及风味也较相似。四个象限中的部位个数都为5个，分布都较均匀，第一象限和第四象限的风味物质分布较多且聚集，如2-甲基-2-丙醇、烯丙基腈、2-甲基丙烯醛和2,5-二甲基呋喃等化合物向量单位长度较小，对应于矩阵化合物列变量标准差小，说明这些化合物在部位间的风味差异较小；第二象限和第三象限的风味物质分布较少且分散，如乙酸甲酯、反式-2-戊烯醛、异戊二烯等化合物向量单位长度较大，表明不同部位之间，这些物质对风味形成影响的差异较大；第三象限的异戊二烯赋予牦牛肉松脂味、薄荷甜味，以及在第二象限的乙酸甲酯等这些物质赋予牦牛肉更加丰富的风味。
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图 6 牦牛不同部位肉中香气化合物PCA双标图Figure 6. PCA double-label plot of aroma compounds in different parts of yak meat聚类分析是将样品按照其风味的相似度慢慢聚集的一种分析方法[43]，本研究以风味为指标对牦牛的20个部位进行系统聚类分析见图7，当平方欧式距离为15～20时，牦牛20个部位肉样品被分为两大类，脖肉、牛腩、金钱腱、板腱、上三筋、胸肉、肋肉、外脊、霖肉聚为一类，剩余11个部位聚为一类，这可能是因为两类样品中杂环类、酮类和醇类等含量较高的化合物分布及作用结果，也可能因为两大类各部位间的脂肪含量及氧化作用结果，在此方面，后续的研究可以进一步探索，通过鉴定出来的香气化合物对牦牛不同部位肉进行的聚类，能够更进一步说明聚成的每大类间的部位风味较为相似，这一结果与牦牛部位肉样本挥发性有机物的指纹图谱相对应。
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图 7 牦牛不同部位肉中聚类分析谱系图Figure 7. Spectra of cluster analysis in different parts of yak meat2.6 牦牛不同部位肉的香气化合物OPLS-DA
OPLS-DA是一种有监督的判别分析统计方法[44]，降维处理数据，将较为复杂的实验数据进行可视化及判别分析与预测[45]。为进一步探究牦牛不同部位肉香气化合物，以鉴别出的43种风味物质为因变量，以20个不同部位样品为自变量，进行OPLS-DA，有效实现牦牛不同部位肉的区分。如图8a所示，本次分析中的自变量拟合指数（R2x）为0.782，因变量拟合指数（R2y）为0.927，模型预测指数（Q2）为0.576，R2和Q2超过0.5表示模型拟合结果可接受。
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图 8 牦牛不同部位肉风味物质的OPLS-DA注：a. 置换检验结果 ；b. VIP-ID图。Figure 8. OPLS-DA of flavor substances in different parts of yak meat变量投影重要性（variable importance for theprojection，VIP）能够快速识别影响牦牛部位肉香气轮廓的一些关键标记物[46]。由图8b可知，其中12种香气化合物的VIP>1，其值越大，差异越显著。以上12种香气化合物主要有醛类化合物2种；酸类化合物2种；烯类化合物1种；杂环类化合物7种，包括1-戊烯、1-戊烯-3酮、2-乙基呋喃、甲氧基乙酸乙酯、烯丙基腈、2,6-二甲基吡嗪、3-戊酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮、2-甲基丁醇、2,3-丁二酮、2-甲基-2-丙醇、乙酸异丁酯。
3. 结论
本研究对牦牛胴体进行精细分割后，筛选了影响牦牛不同部位肉之间风味的关键特征物质，GC-IMS技术在牦牛部位肉中共检测出43种风味化合物，其中醇类7种；醛类6种；酮类6种；酯类8种；酸类3种；烯类2种；杂环类11种。通过对香气物质的定性及定量，得到不同部位之间，影响风味差异的化合物分布结果为：杂环类化合物在牦牛肉风味中占比最大，起到主导作用，尤其是在肋肉、外脊、霖肉部位中含量较高；上脑部位的3-戊酮相对含量在所有部位以及所有物质含量占比中最大，再者为里脊；甲氧基乙酸乙酯在上脑、眼肉、辣椒条、上三筋、胸肉、脖肉、里脊、牛腩、后腱子、外脊、肋肉、烩扒12个部位中呈味贡献较小；辣椒条部位由于3-戊酮、丙酸乙酯和2,3-丁二酮等呈味化合物的存在且作用，使其风味较其他部位更为独特；2-甲基丙酸乙酯含量最高和最低的部位为板腱和上脑，同一物质，在不同部位中含量相差悬殊。通过绘制指纹图谱，得到了牦牛不同部位肉中的特征峰区域，其中2-乙基呋喃、2-甲基吡嗪、丙酸、反式-2-戊烯醛、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、2-甲基丙烯醛和乙二醇单乙醚在牦牛肉20个部位中均为主要特征风味物质。挥发性化合物PCA和聚类分析结果显示，牦牛不同的部位肉风味较好区分且被聚为两大类。由OPLS-DA筛选出12种标志性化合物，且3-甲基丁醛、2-甲基丙酸乙酯以及1-戊烯-3-酮的ROAV值大于1，是影响牦牛20个部位肉风味差异的关键物质，其中的2-甲基丙酸乙酯对牦牛肉香气贡献最大。本研究为消费者选择其心仪的牦牛精细产品提供了帮助，也为牦牛不同部位的关键风味物质研究提供理论依据以及为相关研究提供方法借鉴。
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图 1 牦牛不同部位肉中挥发性成分GC-IMS二维谱图
Figure 1. GC-IMS two-dimensional spectra of volatile components in different parts of yak meat
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图 2 牦牛不同部位肉中香气物质相对含量
Figure 2. Relative contents of aroma substances in different parts of yak meat
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图 3 牦牛不同部位肉中挥发性成分指纹图谱
Figure 3. Fingerprints of volatile components in different parts of yak meat
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图 4 牦牛不同部位肉挥发性成分 PCA 双标图
Figure 4. PCA double-label plot of volatile components in different parts of yak meat
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图 5 牦牛不同部位肉中挥发性成分的PCA得分图
Figure 5. Plot of PCA scores of volatile components in different parts of yak meat
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图 6 牦牛不同部位肉中香气化合物PCA双标图
Figure 6. PCA double-label plot of aroma compounds in different parts of yak meat
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图 7 牦牛不同部位肉中聚类分析谱系图
Figure 7. Spectra of cluster analysis in different parts of yak meat
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图 8 牦牛不同部位肉风味物质的OPLS-DA
注：a. 置换检验结果 ；b. VIP-ID图。
Figure 8. OPLS-DA of flavor substances in different parts of yak meat
表 1 牦牛不同部位肉挥发性组分的定量分析
Table 1 Quantitative analysis of volatile components in different parts of yak meat
物质
类别中文名称 相对含量（%） 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 小黄瓜条 霖肉 肩肉 肋肉 金钱腱 板腱 上脑 眼肉 辣椒条 上三筋 胸肉 针扒 尾龙扒 烩扒 脖肉 里脊 牛腩 前腱子 后腱子 外脊 酯类 2-甲基丙
酸乙酯3.03±0.20ghi 3.82±0.24efg 3.88±0.19 efg 3.82±0.02 efg 5.53±0.35 cd 9.00±0.19a 1.21±0.25j 4.62±1.14 de 6.72±0.08b 2.49±0.49hi 4.22±0.78ef 1.97±0.29ij 3.39±0.21fgh 3.88±0.22 efg 6.93±0.51b 3.02±0.36ghi 5.99±1.41bc 6.16±0.30 bc 3.47±0.10fgh 5.46±0.58 cd 乙酸丙酯 1.48±0.03a 1.20±0.07cd 1.43±0.03a 1.21±0.05c 1.08±0.06def 1.01±0.05fgh 1.05±0.06efg 1.17±0.05cd 1.15±0.14cde 0.90±0.09h 1.18±0.06cd 1.47±0.10a 1.37±0.04ab 1.27±0.03bc 1.03±0.05efg 1.22±0.03c 0.96±0.02gh 1.09±0.03def 1.09±0.04def 1.02±0.02fgh 乙酸异丁酯 0.49±0.05ab 0.46±0.11ab 0.55±0.12a 0.36±0.12abcd 0.47±0.13ab 0.50±0.03ab 0.13±0.03f 0.13±0.02f 0.23±0.00cdef 0.14±0.02ef 0.33±0.26bcdef 0.51±0.09ab 0.33±0.12bcdef 0.23±0.02cdef 0.39±0.09abcd 0.20±0.10def 0.35±0.04abcd 0.40±0.05abc 0.34±0.13bcde 0.22±0.05cdef 丙酸乙酯 0.44±0.04defg 0.37±0.05fgh 0.53±0.07def 0.34±0.02fgh 0.47±0.09def 1.28±0.25a 0.17±0.01h 0.32±0.08fgh 0.84±0.18bc 0.16±0.03h 0.23±0.03gh 0.41±0.07efg 0.64±0.06cd 0.52±0.02def 0.59±0.07de 0.32±0.04fgh 0.49±0.20def 0.91±0.12b 0.35±0.05fgh 0.39±0.13efg 甲氧基乙
酸乙酯1.23±0.22bcde 1.29±0.44bcd 2.28±0.46a 0.55±0.12fgh 1.52±0.66b 1.47±0.68b 0.18±0.06h 0.26±0.04h 0.72±0.29cdefgh 0.25±0.03h 0.26±0.02h 1.32±0.30bc 1.03±0.45bcdef 0.51±0.03fgh 0.98±0.36bcdefg 0.34±0.08gh 0.61±0.19efgh 1.30±0.18bc 0.62±0.15efgh 0.64±0.18defgh 甲酸异戊酯 0.38±0.04k 0.74±0.09ab 0.43±0.03jk 0.52±0.02efghi 0.57±0.01defg 0.64±0.01cd 0.43±0.03ijk 0.50±0.02ghij 0.42±0.02jk 0.55±0.04efgh 0.59±0.03def 0.51±0.05fghij 0.54±0.05efgh 0.50±0.04ghij 0.79±0.04a 0.47±0.01hijk 0.69±0.09bc 0.60±0.02de 0.55±0.02efgh 0.54±0.04efgh 乙酸乙酯 0.20±0.05e 0.21±0.02e 0.29±0.15e 0.38±0.17e 0.30±0.17e 0.41±0.19e 1.83±1.07bcde 3.87±0.74a 4.16±0.29a 2.38±1.51abcd 3.17±2.8abc 1.11±0.45de 1.59±0.92cde 3.52±0.55ab 2.64±0.76abcd 3.46±0.55abc 3.57±0.7ab 4.07±1.16a 2.38±0.89abcd 1.84±0.33bcde 乙酸甲酯 1.04±0.20e 1.27±0.24de 1.37±0.08de 1.21±0.22de 2.65±0.36bcde 4.00±0.45abc 2.58±0.50cde 2.99±0.37bcd 3.37±0.46abc 3.32±1.16abc 5.08±2.53a 2.73±0.07bcde 3.35±0.75abc 2.83±0.06bcde 4.49±1.24ab 3.39±1.62abc 4.32±0.73abc 4.21±1.35abc 3.45±1.21abc 3.35±0.56abc 醇类 1-戊醇 0.43±0.05i 0.61±0.07def 0.68±0.11cdef 0.48±0.06ghi 0.73±0.06cd 0.97±0.07b 0.48±0.06ghi 1.21±0.11a 1.00±0.03b 0.51±0.04ghi 1.01±0.11b 0.58±0.02efghi 0.73±0.11cd 0.53±0.04fghi 0.80±0.03c 0.44±0.08hi 0.71±0.07cde 0.72±0.03cde 0.71±0.05cde 0.59±0.14 defgh 3-甲基-1-丁醇 1.79±0.22cde 1.86±0.37cde 2.59±0.39bc 0.94±0.13fghi 2.36±0.68bcd 3.61±1.08a 0.30±0.08i 0.45±0.10ghi 1.51±0.46ef 0.33±0.11hi 0.42±0.17hi 1.59±0.12def 1.71±0.48def 1.10±0.10efghi 1.92±0.40cde 0.63±0.13ghi 1.14±0.44efgh 2.85±0.23 ab 1.25±0.20efg 1.26±0.47efg 反-3-己烯醇 0.04±0.01def 0.04±0.01def 0.04±0.01bc 0.04±0.01def 0.04±0.00bcd 0.08±0.02b 0.03±0.01f 0.08±0.03bc 0.13±0.04 a 0.04±0.01def 0.06±0.02bcde 0.04±0.01def 0.06±0.01bcd 0.05±0.01cdef 0.05±0.02cdef 0.03±0.00ef 0.04±0.01ab 0.05±0.01cdef 0.04±0.01def 0.05±0.01 cdef 2-甲基丁醇 0.74±0.03gh 0.79±0.10gh 0.74±0.05gh 0.78±0.04gh 1.45±0.10ef 3.53±0.19a 0.70±0.03h 2.30±0.38bc 1.94±0.07cd 1.13±0.03fg 2.47±0.38b 0.62±0.09h 0.81±0.05gh 0.89±0.09gh 1.87±0.26de 0.71±0.02h 1.80±0.33de 1.75±0.16 de 0.83±0.02gh 1.48±0.50ef 3-甲基-3-
丁烯醇0.71±0.18efgh 0.75±0.05cdefg 0.83±0.24cdef 0.55±0.05fghi 0.43±0.12hi 0.39±0.02i 1.00±0.07cd 1.58±0.17b 2.21±0.13a 0.44±0.06hi 0.89±0.22cde 1.02±0.15 c 1.00±0.23cd 0.87±0.16cde 0.26±0.08i 0.51±0.12ghi 0.32±0.09i 0.93±0.07 cde 0.71±0.04defgh 0.69±0.21efgh 2-甲基丙醇 1.44±0.38defg 1.23±0.17efg 2.27±0.74abc 1.17±0.21fg 2.27±0.69abc 2.03±0.40bcd 1.60±0.30cdefg 2.47±0.09 ab 1.80±0.03fghi 2.97±0.49a 1.75±0.26bcdefg 1.94±0.46bcde 1.61±0.45 cdefg 1.08±0.03g 1.24±0.28efg 1.54±0.30cdefg 1.42±0.26defg 1.50±0.13defg 1.87±0.23bcdef 1.53±0.32defg 2-甲基-2-丙醇 13.26±2.21abc 16.56±0.71a 10.36±2.03bcd 8.30±1.38def 10.11±1.74cd 7.37±0.65defg 13.70±2.17a 8.74±0.75de 5.94±0.10efg 14.26±3.27a 13.60±2.19ab 7.44±1.20defg 6.35±1.45efg 4.85±0.47g 6.41±1.16efg 7.04±0.79 defg 8.77±3.13de 5.26±0.22fg 7.07±0.50defg 6.61±1.14efg 醛类 反式-2-戊烯醛 2.81±0.08 abc 2.36±0.22cdef 2.92±0.08de 2.62±0.07fg 3.75±0.10 efg 4.26±0.11 a 1.43±0.21fgh 1.75±0.19fgh 2.50±0.09cdef 1.73±0.17efg 1.74±0.40 gh 2.26±0.20de 2.62±0.09fg 2.60±0.07 gh 3.77±0.09 gh 2.04±0.10fghi 3.17±0.43 gh 3.54±0.06 i 2.58±0.09 gh 3.15±0.20 gh 2-甲基戊醛 0.38±0.02 efg 0.38±0.04de 0.41±0.03 bcd 0.25±0.02 abc 0.39±0.05 gh 0.40±0.04fg 0.18±0.03 cdefg 0.25±0.03de 0.44±0.08i 0.16±0.02de 0.23±0.03fgh 0.52±0.02a 0.41±0.07i 0.29±0.04def 0.30±0.03 efg 0.21±0.02cdef 0.22±0.03cdefg 0.42±0.02efg 0.34±0.04efg 0.29±0.05def 3-甲基丁醛 1.00±0.16 efg 0.95±0.08def 0.96±0.13 abc 1.15±0.07 gh 1.37±0.16 gh 2.27±0.17 a 0.49±0.07fgh 0.69±0.14 efg 0.79±0.04 efg 0.58±0.02 bcd 0.84±0.04i 0.64±0.09de 0.93±0.08fg 1.08±0.03cdef 2.02±0.30 a 0.76±0.16gh 1.67±0.46def 1.46±0.08efg 0.72±0.03fgh 1.23±0.05ef 3-甲基-2-
丁烯醛0.09±0.01 efg 0.14±0.03fghi 0.08±0.01fgh 0.15±0.02a 0.19±0.04de 0.14±0.03 abc 0.25±0.05 bcd 0.35±0.02 a 0.27±0.03fgh 0.31±0.04def 0.33±0.04 efg 0.15±0.04de 0.16±0.04cdef 0.17±0.02fgh 0.21±0.02 gh 0.17±0.02i 0.18±0.00de 0.18±0.04efgh 0.23±0.03 cdefg 0.20±0.04efg 反式-2-己烯醛 0.39±0.09efg 1.01±0.17a 0.36±0.07fgh 0.23±0.04 efg 0.32±0.01def 0.35±0.06de 0.15±0.02fgh 0.17±0.03 gh 0.23±0.05fg 0.20±0.03i 0.19±0.02 abc 0.31±0.03cdef 0.26±0.04def 0.23±0.03fghi 0.32±0.01 abc 0.19±0.02cdef 0.27±0.05bcd 0.31±0.02efg 0.25±0.02cdef 0.25±0.02defg 2-甲基丙烯醛 7.09±0.44cde 8.56±0.58abc 6.44±0.58def 9.69±0.76ab 9.72±1.58ab 10.28±1.34a 6.42±0.20def 7.03±0.24 cde 5.26±0.16 ab 9.74±0.51f 8.06±1.61ef 5.81±0.20ef 6.27±0.52 cdef 6.90±0.29 ab 9.60±1.55ef 6.50±0.34def 9.73±0.25 ab 6.63±0.79def 7.23±1.10 cde 9.02±0.86 ab 酮类 4-羟基-4-
甲基-2-戊酮3.42±0.17cde 3.13±0.08fg 3.17±0.18de 4.03±0.16 cd 4.44±0.14 ghi 4.35±0.06efg 3.31±0.25 cdef 3.93±0.17 cde 3.42±0.09 gh 4.20±0.36 abc 4.64±0.30 bcd 3.14±0.09 cd 3.47±0.16de 3.31±0.17 efg 5.07±0.16 abc 3.14±0.10 gh 4.20±0.54 ghi 3.59±0.06 gh 3.47±0.14 i 3.99±0.34 gh 3-羟基-2-丁酮 0.47±0.02 efg 0.32±0.03defg 0.48±0.08a 0.35±0.04de 0.48±0.08 ghi 0.67±0.13 abc 0.44±0.05 efg 0.56±0.06 efg 0.73±0.09 ghi 0.30±0.02 abc 0.53±0.08 cd 0.65±0.03 gh 0.43±0.08de 0.34±0.03 cd 0.43±0.03 gh 0.32±0.04 ghi 0.38±0.08 abc 0.50±0.07 i 0.34±0.02 hi 0.38±0.06 fghi 2-甲基四氢
呋喃-3-酮0.17±0.02 abc 0.19±0.02 cd 0.21±0.02 abc 0.23±0.00cd 0.24±0.04de 0.42±0.06 ghi 0.31±0.05 efg 0.58±0.21 i 1.44±0.27 defg 0.26±0.02de 0.59±0.24 fghi 0.30±0.06bcd 0.28±0.04 efg 0.31±0.01de 0.29±0.05 ghi 0.23±0.04 hi 0.35±0.06 i 0.35±0.02 defg 0.25±0.01 gh 0.45±0.11 i 3-戊酮 20.41±0.87 ghi 9.50±1.70 cd 18.64±1.55 abc 15.80±0.85 defg 4.61±0.70de 0.81±0.06 cd 26.68±1.04 efg 13.09±2.75 efghi 16.28±0.90 hi 9.32±1.60 abc 6.34±0.60 hi 23.76±1.00 efg 19.89±1.41 fghi 20.83±0.23 i 1.65±0.87 hi 24.39±1.01 abc 3.46±3.11cdef 10.42±1.17 i 19.12±1.45fghi 9.89±2.36 abc 2,3-丁二酮 0.97±0.13a 0.97±0.03 efg 1.20±0.31 defg 1.70±0.22 abc 1.58±0.18 hi 1.13±0.17 efg 0.64±0.03 abc 0.70±0.07 i 0.68±0.05 ghi 1.28±0.11 i 0.71±0.14 ghi 1.09±0.25 cd 1.00±0.17 fg 1.38±0.27 i 1.04±0.16 defg 0.83±0.17 fghi 1.20±0.05 abc 0.80±0.14 cd 1.08±0.26 gh 1.22±0.28i 1-戊烯-3-酮 0.41±0.04 efg 0.57±0.06 fghi 0.37±0.02 bcd 0.72±0.12 hi 0.62±0.04 abc 0.48±0.05 ghi 0.38±0.13 defg 0.42±0.07 abc 0.45±0.05 hi 0.66±0.02 ghi 0.64±0.10 cd 0.21±0.06 bcd 0.81±0.01 hi 0.74±0.17 abc 1.16±0.12i 0.38±0.02ef 0.75±0.26 fghi 0.69±0.07 ghi 0.88±0.08efg 1.00±0.24 cd 酸类 2-甲基丁酸 1.91±0.32ef 1.70±0.08 abc 1.70±0.44 cd 1.67±0.11 fghi 2.17±0.59de 2.04±0.52 cd 1.63±0.40 bcd 1.90±0.28 hi 1.99±0.22 abc 1.61±0.62 fghi 2.49±0.64 efg 1.55±0.41 i 1.94±0.54 abc 1.32±0.21 fghi 2.67±0.68 ghi 1.25±0.12 defg 1.53±0.54 efghi 1.69±0.08de 1.65±0.24 fg 1.59±0.36 cd 丙酸 1.94±0.12a 1.88±0.14ab 1.94±0.19 fghi 3.10±0.11 abc 3.60±0.4 defg 3.80±0.59 hi 1.80±0.12 efg 3.18±0.08 fghi 1.75±0.28 hi 3.54±0.14de 3.86±0.31 cd 1.31±0.17 cd 2.01±0.34 defg 2.61±0.18 fghi 4.18±0.76efghi 2.44±0.22 abc 4.44±0.13 fghi 2.95±0.12 cd 2.67±0.14 fghi 3.69±0.12 ghi 2-甲基丙酸 0.55±0.08 defg 0.64±0.04 abc 0.64±0.13 efghi 0.60±0.01 bcd 0.80±0.16 ghi 1.01±0.22 abc 0.57±0.04 cd 1.67±0.29 efgh 2.17±0.14a 0.64±0.14 hi 1.32±0.24 efg 0.99±0.16 i 0.66±0.14 hi 0.52±0.04 efg 0.66±0.07 ghi 0.41±0.06 abc 0.55±0.08hi 0.67±0.04 efghi 0.56±0.04i 0.56±0.18 abc 烯类 异戊二烯 0.51±0.09hi 0.47±0.14ghi 0.77±0.18 abc 0.48±0.06 efgh 0.97±0.14de 0.98±0.10de 0.53±0.08a 0.87±0.04 defg 1.36±0.15 efg 0.87±0.13 efghi 1.05±0.24 ef 1.19±0.32 abc 1.46±0.09 cdef 1.34±0.22hi 1.47±0.02 hi 0.69±0.02def 0.68±0.17 cdefg 1.28±0.10 cde 1.32±0.07 de 1.04±0.10 ghi 1-戊烯 0.81±0.11 cdef 1.13±0.06 efg 0.99±0.10egd 1.57±0.04 efg 1.47±0.16a 1.34±0.17 cdef 1.26±0.14 cde 1.52±0.18 abc 1.17±0.05 efghi 1.61±0.31ef 1.35±0.05de 1.90±0.26efg 1.79±0.01 bcd 1.64±0.04de 1.69±0.38 defg 1.25±0.16 efgh 1.77±0.49 bcd 1.24±0.23cdef 1.51±0.15 abc 1.44±0.19 ghi 杂环 2-甲基吡嗪 2.86±0.03 cd 2.48±0.28 efg 3.31±0.09fghi 2.15±0.27a 3.38±0.27 defg 3.33±0.34ghi 0.90±0.31 cd 1.29±0.23de 2.08±0.19i 1.18±0.30 efg 1.30±0.11hi 2.49±0.14 cdef 2.25±0.31hi 1.90±0.07a 3.00±0.27ghi 1.54±0.15de 2.40±0.36 cdefh 2.88±0.06de 2.14±0.16fghi 2.32±0.26 efg 2,5-二甲
基呋喃4.20±0.10fghi 3.71±0.19 abc 3.28±0.20 ghi 2.78±0.28 i 2.03±0.10de 2.17±0.16bcde 4.62±0.04 cdefg 2.32±0.10ghi 2.89±0.18 efg 1.91±0.07de 2.16±0.08 fghi 6.4±0.65 cd 3.67±0.15 fghi 3.11±0.21 fghi 2.55±0.09 abc 3.21±0.25hi 2.25±0.15 efg 2.32±0.07efghi 2.81±0.08de 2.69±0.25i 二甲基二硫 0.54±0.04 ghi 0.41±0.06 fghi 0.48±0.03 abc 0.77±0.18hi 0.57±0.08de 0.47±0.14 fghi 0.50±0.07 efg 0.42±0.01 fghi 0.34±0.06 fg 0.55±0.07 fgh 1.17±1.14 abc 0.65±0.11 i 0.38±0.04de 0.43±0.04i 0.54±0.11 ef 0.49±0.14 efg 0.73±0.22 0.37±0.03 abc 0.55±0.11a 0.34±0.04 cdefg 乙二醇单乙醚 1.12±0.06 efg 1.86±0.17 cd 1.00±0.11i 1.03±0.12 efg 0.62±0.06 i 0.51±0.07 abc 0.72±0.08 cd 0.71±0.05 fghi 0.74±0.08a 0.59±0.05ghi 0.65±0.02fg 1.23±0.17i 1.23±0.05 cdefg 1.05±0.00hi 0.99±0.08efg 0.81±0.01 fghi 0.80±0.14 ghi 0.86±0.05 fghi 1.05±0.02 hi 1.12±0.09 efg 四氢呋喃 7.20±2.80de 7.66±0.44 fghi 6.06±1.86 cdefg 10.00±3.16 efg 10.16±4.60 ghi 12.51±1.57de 8.06±2.00 efg 10.61±1.23 fghi 9.04±0.64 abc 10.07±1.00 cde 9.92±0.31 fghi 7.43±1.89 efg 9.78±1.44a 10.05±0.34 efg 13.81±2.24i 10.57±1.23 efg 12.53±2.68 def 10.13±0.32hi 8.97±0.05hi 11.58±0.31 fghi 2-乙基呋喃 6.16±0.51hi 7.74±0.34 cd 6.17±0.73 cd 10.5±0.19 abc 7.48±0.86 hi 2.73±0.58a 4.95±0.34 cdefg 8.18±0.36ab 5.41±0.61 abc 10.36±1.48ab 8.13±1.00hi 3.38±0.35 fg 5.97±1.09 abc 7.84±0.33 efg 4.56±1.34 efg 7.06±0.91ab 7.27±2.84 abc 8.06±0.24ab 7.74±0.67 fg 9.72±1.65ab 2,6-二甲
基吡嗪2.35±0.46ab 2.54±1.11 cd 4.38±0.33defg 1.00±0.20a 3.07±1.38fg 2.18±0.68 efg 0.35±0.14ab 0.50±0.15 fghi 1.87±0.74 efg 0.51±0.14de 0.49±0.05 de 2.46±0.65ab 1.52±0.59 cd 0.88±0.11abc 1.88±0.52 cdefg 0.67±0.10ab 1.11±0.20 abc 1.89±0.20defg 1.26±0.29ab 1.07±0.23 efg 3-丁烯腈 1.35±0.10 efgi 1.57±0.34de 1.43±0.09 efg 1.57±0.07 i 1.99±0.10 efg 1.64±0.23ab 1.44±0.06de 1.87±0.13 abc 1.15±0.22 efg 3.23±0.42ab 2.03±0.21 efg 1.12±0.11a 1.01±0.02 fg 0.99±0.01 abc 1.47±0.15 abc 1.38±0.04fghi 1.88±0.19ab 1.14±0.06fghi 1.51±0.06fghi 1.82±0.08ab 烯丙基腈 0.37±0.10bcd 0.92±0.13abc 0.30±0.05de 0.23±0.01 fghi 0.37±0.04a 0.30±0.02efg 0.28±0.06 fghi 0.23±0.02 cd 0.18±0.02ab 0.38±0.01 efg 0.34±0.06 fghi 0.34±0.06 efg 0.36±0.01ab 0.33±0.04 fghi 0.44±0.08de 0.31±0.03de 0.33±0.07 efg 0.35±0.02ab 0.40±0.02de 0.29±0.04 fghi N,N-二乙
基乙胺1.51±0.11 efg 3.04±0.56 abc 1.36±0.22ghi 1.40±0.07hi 0.79±0.06 fghi 0.83±0.06ab 2.78±0.17 fg 1.05±0.07ab 1.04±0.04 cd 1.15±0.04 i 0.98±0.10efg 2.48±0.22a 1.67±0.28ab 1.78±0.06 cd 0.78±0.05abc 2.37±0.27ab 0.88±0.11de 0.97±0.02ab 1.39±0.13 fghi 1.02±0.13cde N-甲基甲胺 2.30±1.05 i 2.97±0.41ab 2.69±0.09 efg 3.59±0.34ab 2.83±0.10 abc 2.29±0.49 cd 3.52±0.86 de 3.48±1.11de 2.21±0.12 fghi 3.16±0.39ab 2.65±0.24de 3.00±0.58 efg 3.29±0.24a 3.39±0.02ab 3.05±0.74 efg 3.04±1.01ab 4.07±1.70 fghi 2.49±0.64 fghi 3.28±0.38 efgi 3.00±0.11 cd 注：表中结果以平均数±标准差表示，不同小写字母表示差异显著 （P<0.05）。 
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表 2 牦牛肉相对气味活度值
Table 2 Relative odor activity value of yak meat
编号 中文名称 阈值（μg/kg） ROAV 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 W1 2-甲基丙酸乙酯 0.00011 3.36×
104.25×
104.31×
104.24×
106.14×
101.00×
1021.34×
105.13×
107.47×
102.77×
104.69×
102.19×
103.76×
104.31×
107.70×
103.36×
106.66×
106.85×
103.85×
106.06×
10W2 乙酸丙酯 1 1.81×
10−31.46×
10−31.75×
10−31.48×
10−31.32×
10−31.23×
10−31.28×
10−31.43×
10−31.41×
10−31.10×
10−31.45×
10−31.79×
10−31.67×
10−31.55×
10−31.26×
10−31.49×
10−31.17×
10−31.33×
10−31.33×
10−31.24×
10−3W3 乙酸异丁酯 0.038 1.58×
10−21.49×
10−21.76×
10−21.16×
10−21.52×
10−21.61×
10−24.18×
10−34.07×
10−37.40×
10−34.61×
10−31.05×
10−21.65×
10−21.05×
10−27.50×
10−31.24×
10−26.43×
10−31.12×
10−21.30×
10−21.10×
10−27.08×
10−3W4 丙酸乙酯 1.1 4.89×
10−44.11×
10−45.85×
10−43.74×
10−45.26×
10−41.42×
10−31.93×
10−43.52×
10−49.33×
10−41.81×
10−42.56×
10−44.59×
10−47.07×
10−45.81×
10−46.59×
10−43.52×
10−45.44×
10−41.01×
10−33.85×
10−44.33×
10−4W5 甲氧基乙酸乙酯 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W6 甲酸异戊酯 149 3.14×
10−66.10×
10−63.53×
10−64.24×
10−64.65×
10−65.28×
10−63.55×
10−64.13×
10−63.47×
10−64.48×
10−64.84×
10−64.16×
10−64.46×
10−64.13×
10−66.48×
10−63.83×
10−65.69×
10−64.89×
10−64.51×
10−64.40×
10−6W7 乙酸乙酯 0.88 2.73×
10−42.87×
10−44.07×
10−45.32×
10−44.12×
10−45.74×
10−42.55×
10−35.38×
10−35.78×
10−33.30×
10−34.41×
10−31.55×
10−32.21×
10−34.89×
10−33.67×
10−34.80×
10−34.96×
10−35.65×
10−33.30×
10−32.56×
10−3W8 乙酸甲酯 5.1 2.50×
10−43.04×
10−43.28×
10−42.89×
10−46.35×
10−49.59×
10−46.18×
10−47.17×
10−48.07×
10−47.96×
10−41.22×
10−36.55×
10−48.03×
10−46.77×
10−41.08×
10−38.12×
10−41.03×
10−31.01×
10−38.27×
10−48.03×
10−4W9 1-戊醇 0.1502 3.47×
10−34.99×
10−35.56×
10−33.93×
10−35.94×
10−37.89×
10−33.88×
10−39.82×
10−38.14×
10−34.18×
10−38.25×
10−34.69×
10−35.94×
10−34.34×
10−36.51×
10−33.61×
10−35.80×
10−35.86×
10−35.78×
10−34.83×
10−3W10 3-甲基-1-丁醇 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W11 反-3-己烯醇 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W12 2-甲基丁醇 0.9 1.01×
10−31.07×
10−31.00×
10−31.05×
10−31.97×
10−34.79×
10−39.55×
10−43.12×
10−32.63×
10−31.54×
10−33.36×
10−38.42×
10−41.10×
10−31.21×
10−32.54×
10−39.69×
10−42.45×
10−32.38×
10−31.13×
10−32.01×
10−3W13 3-甲基-3-丁烯醇 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W14 2-甲基丙醇 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W15 2-甲基-2-丙醇 14 1.16×
10−31.45×
10−39.04×
10−47.25×
10−48.83×
10−46.44×
10−41.20×
10−37.63×
10−45.18×
10−41.24×
10−31.19×
10−36.49×
10−45.55×
10−44.23×
10−45.59×
10−46.15×
10−47.66×
10−44.59×
10−46.17×
10−45.77×
10−4W16 反式-2-戊烯醛 2.7 1.27×
10−31.07×
10−31.32×
10−31.19×
10−31.70×
10−31.93×
10−36.49×
10−47.91×
10−41.13×
10−37.83×
10−47.86×
10−41.02×
10−31.18×
10−31.18×
10−31.71×
10−39.25×
10−41.43×
10−31.60×
10−31.17×
10−31.42×
10−3W17 2-甲基戊醛 0.6 7.81×
10−47.81×
10−48.35×
10−45.02×
10−47.88×
10−48.15×
10−43.73×
10−45.09×
10−48.96×
10−43.19×
10−44.69×
10−41.07×
10−38.35×
10−45.84×
10−46.11×
10−44.28×
10−44.41×
10−48.62×
10−46.93×
10−45.84×
10−4W18 3-甲基丁醛 0.00035 3.50×
1003.33×
1003.35×
1004.03×
1004.78×
1007.94×
1001.72×
1002.40×
1002.76×
1002.04×
1002.92×
1002.23×
1003.26×
1003.78×
1007.04×
1002.67×
1005.83×
1005.11×
1002.53×
1004.30×
100W19 3-甲基-2-丁烯醛 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W20 反式-2-己烯醛 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W21 2-甲基丙烯醛 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W22 4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮 37.418 1.12×
10−41.02×
10−41.04×
10−41.32×
10−41.45×
10−41.42×
10−41.08×
10−41.28×
10−41.12×
10−41.37×
10−41.52×
10−41.03×
10−41.13×
10−41.08×
10−41.66×
10−41.03×
10−41.37×
10−41.17×
10−41.13×
10−41.30×
10−4W23 3-羟基-2-丁酮 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W24 2-甲基四氢呋喃-3-酮 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W25 3-戊酮 3 8.32×
10−33.87×
10−37.59×
10−36.44×
10−31.88×
10−33.29×
10−41.09×
10−25.33×
10−36.63×
10−33.80×
10−32.58×
10−39.68×
10−38.10×
10−38.49×
10−36.74×
10−49.94×
10−31.41×
10−34.25×
10−37.79×
10−34.03×
10−3W26 2,3-丁二酮 0.88 1.35×
10−31.34×
10−31.66×
10−32.37×
10−32.20×
10−31.56×
10−38.94×
10−49.72×
10−49.40×
10−41.78×
10−39.91×
10−41.51×
10−31.38×
10−31.92×
10−31.44×
10−31.16×
10−31.66×
10−31.11×
10−31.50×
10−31.69×
10−3W27 1-戊烯-3-酮 0.0001 5.01×
1007.01×
1004.56×
1008.76×
1007.62×
1005.83×
1004.64×
1005.13×
1005.46×
1008.03×
1007.82×
1002.53×
1009.86×
1009.04×
1001.42×
104.64×
1009.17×
1008.47×
1001.08×
101.22×
10W28 2-甲基丁酸 0.02 1.17×
10−11.04×
10−11.04×
10−11.02×
10−11.32×
10−11.24×
10−19.98×
10−21.16×
10−11.22×
10−19.82×
10−21.52×
10−19.45×
10−21.18×
10−18.07×
10−21.63×
10−17.62×
10−29.33×
10−21.03×
10−11.01×
10−19.70×
10−2W29 丙酸 1 2.38×
10−32.29×
10−32.37×
10−33.78×
10−34.40×
10−34.65×
10−32.20×
10−33.88×
10−32.14×
10−34.32×
10−34.72×
10−31.60×
10−32.46×
10−33.19×
10−35.11×
10−32.98×
10−35.43×
10−33.60×
10−33.26×
10−34.51×
10−3W30 2-甲基丙酸 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W31 异戊二烯 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W32 1-戊烯 0.29 3.43×
10−34.78×
10−34.19×
10−36.62×
10−36.20×
10−35.66×
10−35.30×
10−36.42×
10−34.93×
10−36.80×
10−35.69×
10−37.99×
10−37.56×
10−36.93×
10−37.12×
10−35.28×
10−37.45×
10−35.24×
10−36.35×
10−36.05×
10−3W33 2-甲基吡嗪 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W34 2,5-二甲基呋喃 100 5.14×
10−54.53×
10−54.00×
10−53.39×
10−52.48×
10−52.66×
10−55.65×
10−52.84×
10−53.53×
10−52.34×
10−52.64×
10−57.83×
10−54.49×
10−53.81×
10−53.12×
10−53.92×
10−52.75×
10−52.84×
10−53.43×
10−53.29×
10−5W35 二甲基二硫 0.0012 5.53×
10−14.21×
10−14.89×
10−17.84×
10−15.77×
10−14.79×
10−15.06×
10−14.24×
10−13.46×
10−15.64×
10−11.19×
10+06.62×
10−13.90×
10−14.38×
10−15.50×
10−15.02×
10−17.40×
10−13.73×
10−15.57×
10−13.43×
10−1W36 乙二醇单乙醚 2.1 6.50×
10−41.08×
10−35.80×
10−45.98×
10−43.63×
10−42.99×
10−44.17×
10−44.15×
10−44.33×
10−43.41×
10−43.78×
10−47.14×
10−47.16×
10−46.11×
10−45.76×
10−44.71×
10−44.66×
10−45.01×
10−46.09×
10−46.50×
10−4W37 四氢呋喃 18 4.89×
10−45.20×
10−44.11×
10−46.79×
10−46.90×
10−48.49×
10−45.47×
10−47.21×
10−46.14×
10−46.84×
10−46.74×
10−45.05×
10−46.64×
10−46.83×
10−49.38×
10−47.18×
10−48.51×
10−46.88×
10−46.09×
10−47.86×
10−4W38 2-乙基呋喃 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W39 2,6-二甲基吡嗪 1.72 1.67×
10−31.80×
10−33.11×
10−37.08×
10−42.18×
10−31.55×
10−32.46×
10−43.53×
10−41.33×
10−33.60×
10−43.51×
10−41.75×
10−31.08×
10−36.28×
10−41.34×
10−34.76×
10−47.86×
10−41.35×
10−38.98×
10−47.58×
10−4W40 3-丁烯腈 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W41 烯丙基腈 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / W42 N,N-二乙基乙胺 0.022 8.37×
10−21.69×
10−17.57×
10−27.78×
10−24.41×
10−24.59×
10−21.55×
10−15.85×
10−25.76×
10−26.39×
10−25.44×
10−21.38×
10−19.28×
10−29.87×
10−24.35×
10−21.32×
10−14.89×
10−25.37×
10−27.72×
10−25.65×
10−2W43 N-甲基甲胺 7.75 3.62×
10−44.68×
10−44.24×
10−45.67×
10−44.47×
10−43.61×
10−45.56×
10−45.49×
10−43.49×
10−44.98×
10−44.18×
10−44.73×
10−45.19×
10−45.34×
10−44.81×
10−44.79×
10−46.42×
10−43.93×
10−45.17×
10−44.73×
10−4注：阈值数据主要来源于《化合物嗅觉阈值汇编》，“/”表示该物质阈值未检出。
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