Abstract: Mesona is a special edible and medicinal food in China. The country has an abundant Mesona output and a large number of Mesona consumers. Polysaccharide is one of the important active components in Mesona, which has a variety of biological activities in disease prevention and treatment. Currently, Mesona polysaccharide has been widely used in Chinese Traditional medicine, herbal tea, as well as jelly. However, there are problems such as insufficient development of deep-processing products. In this paper, the domestic and foreign literature in the past recent years are retrieved and collected. This article comprehensively proposes the extraction, isolation and purification technologies of Mesona polysaccharide, as well as their characteristic structures, and rheological and gelling properties. Additionally, their functional activities and the underlying mechanism of action on antioxidant, regulation of gut flora, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-hyperlipidemia, liver protection and immunoregulation are systematically reviewed. This review provides useful ideas and guidance for the basic research as well as the commercialization of research on Mesona.