Abstract: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a technology that combines polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with real-time detection, and also one of the research hotspots of food rapid detection technology in recent years. It has the advantages of short time-consuming, simple operation, high sensitivity, and strong specificity, compared with traditional PCR technology. This article briefly outlines the basic principles, development process, classification, and characteristics of real-time qPCR technology. The application in the detection of food-borne pathogens, adulteration, genetically modified foods, allergens, food-borne parasites, and edible insects is reviewed. The prospects of real-time qPCR technology and its application in food rapid detection are predicted.