Abstract: The supervision sampling efficiency of food safety is an important index to measure the ability of the government to find problem food and problem enterprises in the supervision and sampling process. It is of great significance to scientifically measure the efficiency of food safety supervision and random inspection to improve the government's supervision efficiency and consolidate the food safety strategy. Based on the internal logical relationship between the unqualified rate of random sampling and the unqualified rate of supervision sampling, this paper systematically constructs a method to measure the efficiency of food safety supervision and sampling, and makes a quantitative evaluation of the efficiency of food safety supervision and sampling in China by using the data of 30 kinds of processed food supervision and sampling at 30 provincial levels. The results show that the overall level of supervision sampling efficiency of food safety in China from 2017 to 2019 is seriously low, and there are some inter provincial differences. Specifically, from 2017 to 2019, China’s average supervision sampling efficiency of food safety was only 0.8056, 0.8493 and 0.8673 respectively. Among them, the average annual growth rate of supervision sampling efficiency of 10 regions was negative. The number of regions with high and higher supervision sampling efficiency was less than 10, and gradually concentrated in the eastern coastal areas. Therefore, it is suggested that when carrying out food safety supervision and sampling, the government should earnestly adhere to the problem oriented principle and effectively improve the supervision sampling efficiency.