Abstract: In recent years, studies have shown that pine essential oil which has antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, refreshing and other physiological functions is a good natural preservative and antioxidant with high security. However, there are many kinds of pine, and the essential oils of different species and different parts of the same pines have different chemical compositions, and their physiological functions are also significantly different. This paper summarizes the chemical components, structure and nature of different varieties and parts of pine essential oil in detail, and summarizes the mechanism of physiological functions of pine essential oil such as antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, hypoglycemic activity, anticancer activity and so on, in order to provide reference for the development of pine resources and the application of pine essential oil in natural food additives.