Abstract: In recent years, there’s a trend that the maximum limit of food contaminant is decreasing. Therefore, the development of more rapid and sensitive methods for the detection of food contaminants is a great requirement. Fluorescence immunoassay is one of the current fastest developing detection methods, which has been widely applied in the detection of various food contaminants and other fields. It has the advantage of high sensitivity, fast detection speed, simple operation, satisfactory accuracy, etc. This review offers an overview of fluorescence-immunoassay-based methods for the detection of contaminants in food based on different fluorescent labeling materials. Three types of common fluorescent labeling materials (including ordinary fluorescent microspheres, quantum dots and time-resolved fluorescent materials) and three types of new fluorescent labeling materials (containing up-conversion luminescence nanomaterials, magnetic fluorescent nanomaterials and fluorescent proteins) are introduced with the comparison in their optical features and analytical performance. In additon, the detection methods of contaminants in food based on fluorescence immunoassay (FIA) are introduced, the latest progress of fluorescence immunoassay in food contaminants detection is also summarized.