Abstract: Streptomycin (STR) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used in aquaculture and animal husbandry to treat bacterial diseases. Excessive STR in animal foods that humans eat can seriously threaten human health. As a rapid detection technology, biosensors can achieve rapid and accurate detection of STR in foods. Biosensors based on aptamers are widely used in the field of food safety detection because of their unique advantages. In this paper, the application progress of optical and electrochemical biosensors based on aptamers in the detection of STR residue in animal food in the past five years is reviewed, and these detection techniques are compared and summarized, in order to provide some reference for the development of more effective, simple and sensitive STR biosensors in the future.