Abstract: The analytical method with high sensitivity and specificity is the key to ensuring food safety. The functionalized nano-sensors based on aptamers is a new and efficient analysis platform for the detection of food hazard factors. In this review, we summarized principles of four types of nano-sensor based on aptamer:Optical, magnetic relaxation, electrochemical and other types, and introduced its application in the detection of food safety factor detection, including pesticides, veterinary drugs and their residues, pathogenic microorganisms, mycotoxin true gold toxins, heavy metals, biological enzymes and so on. Finally, The prospects for the development of the method were considered. The development of a biosensor that is easy to carry, including the simultaneous detection of multiple hazardous factors by modifying multiple aptamers on the nanoparticles, and developing rapid, effective, and simple sample preparation methods that effectively avoid background interference, improving the sensitivity and detection limit of the method are the direction of future rapid detection.