Science and Technology of Food Industry

ISSN 1002-0306
CN   11-1759/TS
High-quality sci-tech periodicals
Menu
Volume 44 Issue 23
Nov.  2023
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Abstract
References
Related Articles
YANG Fan, HUO Zhiwei, ZHU Wen, et al. Optimization of Ultrahigh Pressure Assisted Micellar Extraction of Taxifolin from Larch[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(23): 175−183. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023020026.
Citation: YANG Fan, HUO Zhiwei, ZHU Wen, et al. Optimization of Ultrahigh Pressure Assisted Micellar Extraction of Taxifolin from Larch[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(23): 175−183. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023020026.
shu

Optimization of Ultrahigh Pressure Assisted Micellar Extraction of Taxifolin from Larch

  • College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University,Harbin 150040, China

More Information
  • Received Date: February 05, 2023
  • Available Online: October 31, 2023
    Graphical Abstract
    • Abstract
  • In this study, in order to simplify the extraction process of taxifolin, cut costs and energy sources, improve extraction efficiency, and promote comprehensive application of taxifolin. Taxifolin was extracted from the trunk of Larix gemlini by ultra-high pressure assisted micellar green solvent extraction technology, using Larix gemlini of Heilongjiang Province as raw material. Based on the total content of taxifolin in different parts of larch root and trunk, tea saponin was selected as the most appropriate surfactant from candidate surfactants. The extraction process was optimized by response surface experiment, investigating effects of solid-liquid ratio, extraction pressure, extraction times and micellar concentration on the extraction rate of taxifolin. Results showed that, the optimal extraction process conditions were selected as follows: The tea saponin concentration was 8%, the solid-liquid ratio was 1:11.5, the extraction pressure was 157 MPa, the extraction times were 3 times, the holding time was 5 min. The experiment was repeated for 3 times under the optimum condition, and the actual extraction rate of taxifolin was 84.35%±1.2%, which was basically consistent with the predicted value of 84.98%. Compared with different extraction processes such as microwave extraction, ultrasonic extraction and reflux extraction, the energy consumption and CO2 emission per unit of raw material of ultra-high pressure assisted micelle extraction were the lowest, which was 1.64×10−4 kW·h·g−1 and 1.29×10−4 kg/g respectively. To summarize, the extraction of taxifolin from larch by ultra-high pressure assisted micellar green solvent extraction technology could be used widely which was environmentally friendly, simple, stable, reasonable and reliable.
    • FullText(HTML)
    • References (43)
  • [1]
    田军军, 顾媛媛. 二氢槲皮素生物活性及作用机制最新研究进展[J]. 黑龙江科学,2022(18):5−8,13. [TIAN J J, GU Y Y. Recent research progress in biological activity and mechanism of taxifolin[J]. Heilongjiang Science,2022(18):5−8,13. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8646.2022.18.002

    TIAN J J, GU Y Y. Recent research progress in biological activity and mechanism of taxifolin[J]. Heilongjiang Science, 2022（18）: 5−8,13. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8646.2022.18.002
    [2]
    卢宁, 韩吉春, 任博雪, 等. 二氢槲皮素预处理对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤抗氧化作用的影响[J]. 中国药理学通报,2017,33(4):487−491. [LU N, HAN J C, REN B X, et al. Effect of taxifolin preconditioning on antioxidation of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury[J]. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin,2017,33(4):487−491.

    LU N, HAN J C, REN B X, et al. Effect of taxifolin preconditioning on antioxidation of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury[J]. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin, 2017, 33（4）: 487−491.
    [3]
    尚艳琦, 于莹, 顾媛媛, 等. 二氢槲皮素对心肌缺血大鼠血液流变学相关指标的影响[J]. 长春中医药大学学报,2019,35(3):509−512. [SHANG Y Q, YU Y, GU Y Y, et al. Effect of taxifolin on hemorheology in rats with myocardial ischemia[J]. Journal of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine,2019,35(3):509−512.

    SHANG Y Q, YU Y, GU Y Y, et al. Effect of taxifolin on hemorheology in rats with myocardial ischemia[J]. Journal of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 2019, 35（3）: 509−512.
    [4]
    顾媛媛, 于莹, 周忠光, 等. 二氢槲皮素对心肌缺血模型大鼠的保护作用及氧化应激水平的影响[J]. 时珍国医国药,2019,30(10):2370−2372. [GU Y Y, YU Y, ZHOU Z G, et al. Protective effect of taxifolin on myocardial ischemia model rats and the effect of oxidative stress[J]. Lishizhen Medicine and Materia Medica Research,2019,30(10):2370−2372.

    GU Y Y, YU Y, ZHOU Z G, et al. Protective effect of taxifolin on myocardial ischemia model rats and the effect of oxidative stress[J]. Lishizhen Medicine and Materia Medica Research, 2019, 30（10）: 2370−2372.
    [5]
    SCHAUSS A G, TSELYICO S S, KUZNETSOVA V A, et al. Toxicological and genotoxicity assessment of a taxifolin-rich Dahurian larch tree ( Larix gmelinii Rupr) extract ( Lavitol)[J]. International Journal of Toxicology,2015,34(2):162−181. doi: 10.1177/1091581815576975
    [6]
    王佳奇, 宋明铭, 陈凯, 等. 二氢槲皮素与二氢杨梅素的抗肿瘤活性对比[J]. 中国免疫学杂志,2016,32(11):1614−1620. [WANG J Q, SONG M M, CHEN K, et al. Comparison of antitumor activities of taxifolin and dihydromyricetin[J]. Chinese Journal of Immunology,2016,32(11):1614−1620.

    WANG J Q, SONG M M, CHEN K, et al. Comparison of antitumor activities of taxifolin and dihydromyricetin[J]. Chinese Journal of Immunology, 2016, 32（11）: 1614−1620.
    [7]
    CHEN J, SUN X, XIA T, et al. Pretreatment with taxifolin, a dietary flavonoid, protected against concanavalin A-induced immunological hepatic injury in mice and TNF- α/ActD-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells[J]. Food & Function,2018,9(4):2341−2352.
    [8]
    MANIGANDAN K, MANIMARAN D, JAYARAJ R L, et al. Taxifolin curbs NF- κB-mediated Wnt/ β-catenin signaling via up-regulating Nrf2 pathway in experimental colon carcinogenesis[J]. Biochimie,2015,119:103−112. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.10.014
    [9]
    GALOCHKINA A V, ZARUBAEV V V, KISELEV O I, et al. Antiviral activity of the taxifolin during the Coxsackie virus В4 replication in vitro[J]. Problems of Virology,2016,61(1):27−31. doi: 10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-1-27-31
    [10]
    ZAI W, CHEN W, LUAN J, et al. Taxifolin ameliorated acetaminophen-induced hepatic cytotoxicity via activating JAK2/STAT3 pathway and autophagy[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2018,102(3):1443−1453. doi: 10.1007/s00253-017-8686-6
    [11]
    ŽIVKOVIĆ L, BAJIĆ V, TOPALOVIĆ D, et al. Antigenotoxic effects of biochaga and taxifolin on H2O2-induced DNA damage in human whole blood cells[J]. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,2019,19(11):5039372.
    [12]
    林骏, 谢庆, 赵明一, 等. Taxifolin protects hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes injury via HIF1-a/HO-1/autophagy pathway[J]. 岭南心血管病杂志:英文版,2017,18(2):150−156. [LIN J, XIE Q, ZHAO M Y, et al. Taxifolin protects hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes injury via HIF1-a/HO-1/autophagy pathway[J]. South China Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases,2017,18(2):150−156.

    LIN J, XIE Q, ZHAO M Y, et al. Taxifolin protects hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes injury via HIF1-a/HO-1/autophagy pathway[J]. South China Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases, 2017, 18（2）: 150−156.
    [13]
    吴明娟, 费洪新, 田明, 等. 二氢槲皮素对异丙肾上腺素所致急性心肌缺血大鼠心肌磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/糖原合成酶激酶-3 β信号通路的影响[J]. 中国医药导报,2020,17(2):15−19. [WU M J, FEI H X, TIAN M, et al. Effect of taxifolin on myocardial phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/glycogen synthetase kinase-3 in rats with acute myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol β-Influence of signal path[J]. China Medical Herald,2020,17(2):15−19.

    WU M J, FEI H X, TIAN M, et al. Effect of taxifolin on myocardial phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/glycogen synthetase kinase-3 in rats with acute myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol β-Influence of signal path[J]. China Medical Herald, 2020, 17（2）: 15−19.
    [14]
    PLOTNIKOV M B, ALIEV O I, SIDEKHMENOVA A V, et al. Modes of hypotensive action of taxifolin in arterial hypertension[J]. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine,2017,162(3):353−356. doi: 10.1007/s10517-017-3614-4
    [15]
    PLOTNIKOV M B, ALIEV O I, SIDEKHMENOVA A V, et al. Taxifolin improves microvascularization and microcirculation in the brain cortex of SHR rats during the development of arterial hypertension[J]. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine,2017,163(1):57−60. doi: 10.1007/s10517-017-3737-7
    [16]
    ORLOVA S V, TATARINOV V V, NIKITINA E A, et al. Bioavailability and safety of taxifolin[J]. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal,2022,55(11):1133−1137. doi: 10.1007/s11094-022-02548-8
    [17]
    DAS A, BAIDYA R, CHAKRABORTY T, et al. Pharmacological basis and new insights of taxifolin:A comprehensive review[J]. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy,2021,142:112004.
    [18]
    中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会. 国家卫生健康委员会通告(国卫通﹝2021﹞4号)[Z]. 2021-04-15. [National Health Commission of the PRC. Proclamation No.4, 2021 of the National Health Commision[Z]. 2021-04-15.

    National Health Commission of the PRC. Proclamation No.4, 2021 of the National Health Commision[Z]. 2021-04-15.
    [19]
    QY Research. 2021-2027全球及中国二氢槲皮素行业研究及十四五规划分析报告[EB/OL]. 2021-09-21/2023-03-10. https://www.qyresearch.com.cn/reports/dihydroquercetin-p888206.html. [Global and Chinese Dihydroquercetin Industry Research and Fourteenth five-year plan Report [EB/OL]. 2021-09-21/2023-03-10. https://www.qyresearch.com.cn/reports/dihydroquercetin-p888206.html.

    Global and Chinese Dihydroquercetin Industry Research and Fourteenth five-year plan Report [EB/OL]. 2021-09-21/2023-03-10. https://www.qyresearch.com.cn/reports/dihydroquercetin-p888206.html.
    [20]
    金建忠. 落叶松中二氢槲皮素的提取工艺研究[J]. 林产化工通讯,2005,39(4):12−15. [JIN J Z. Study on the extraction process of taxifolin from larch[J]. Biomass Chemical Engineering,2005,39(4):12−15.

    JIN J Z. Study on the extraction process of taxifolin from larch[J]. Biomass Chemical Engineering, 2005, 39（4）: 12−15.
    [21]
    金建忠, 申屠超, 许惠英, 等. 落叶松中二氢槲皮素的提取及鉴定[J]. 浙江林业科技,2004,24(5):15−17. [JIN J Z, SHEN T C, XU H Y, et al. Extraction and identification of taxifolin from larch[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology,2004,24(5):15−17.

    JIN J Z, SHEN T C, XU H Y, et al. Extraction and identification of taxifolin from larch[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology, 2004, 24（5）: 15−17.
    [22]
    王正平, 刘莹. 一种从落叶松中提取二氢槲皮素的方法[P]. 中国专利:200610035280.5, 2006-04-29. [WANG Z P, LIU Y. A method of extracting taxifolin from larch[P]. Chinese patent:200610035280.5, 2006-04-29.

    WANG Z P, LIU Y. A method of extracting taxifolin from larch[P]. Chinese patent: 200610035280.5, 2006-04-29.
    [23]
    吴柏年, 陈静, 崔宝玉, 等. 一种从落叶松及其加工剩余物中提取二氢槲皮素和阿拉伯半乳聚糖的方法[P]. 中国专利:200710144650.3, 2007-11-21. [WU B N, CHEN J, CUI B Y, et al. A method for extracting taxifolin and arabinogalactan from larch and its processing residues[P]. Chinese patent:200710144650.3, 2007-11-21.

    WU B N, CHEN J, CUI B Y, et al. A method for extracting taxifolin and arabinogalactan from larch and its processing residues[P]. Chinese patent: 200710144650.3, 2007-11-21.
    [24]
    YANG L, MA C H, HUANG J M, et al. Comparison of extraction methods of taxifolin from Larix gmelinii[J]. Forest Engineering,2009,25(5):6−11.
    [25]
    MA C H, SUN Z, HUANG J M, et al. Extraction of taxifolin from larch by ultrasonic-microwave alternate method[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2010(1):134−139.
    [26]
    KIEHLMANN E, LI E P M. Isomerization of taxifolin[J]. Journal of Natural Products,1995,58(3):450−455. doi: 10.1021/np50117a018
    [27]
    王萍, 贾斌, 宋林平. 刺玫蔷薇茎中二氢槲皮素的提取[J]. 特产研究,2006(2):53−55. [WANG P, JIA B, SONG L P. Extraction of taxifolin from the stem of Rosa dahurica[J]. Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Research,2006(2):53−55. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4721.2006.02.016

    WANG P, JIA B, SONG L P. Extraction of taxifolin from the stem of Rosa dahurica[J]. Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Research, 2006（2）: 53−55. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4721.2006.02.016
    [28]
    王萍, 梁坤. 刺玫蔷薇茎中二氢槲皮素的提取工艺研究[J]. 食品工业科技,2008(3):196−198. [WANG P, LIANG K. Study on the extraction process of taxifolin from the stem of Rosa dahurica[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry,2008(3):196−198.

    WANG P, LIANG K. Study on the extraction process of taxifolin from the stem of Rosa dahurica[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2008（3）: 196−198.
    [29]
    宋云飞. 一种从黄杞叶中提取分离二氢槲皮素的方法:中国, 101054369[P]. 2007-10-17. [SONG Y F. A method of extracting and separating taxifolin from the leaves of Chinese wolfberry:China, 101054369[P]. 2007-10-17.

    SONG Y F. A method of extracting and separating taxifolin from the leaves of Chinese wolfberry: China, 101054369[P]. 2007-10-17.
    [30]
    李彦伟. 超高压提取黄精多糖工艺优化、结构分析及抗氧化性研究[D]. 大连:大连理工大学, 2019. [LI Y W. Optimization of extraction process, structure analysis and antioxidant activity of Polygonatum polysaccharide by ultrahigh pressure[D]. Dalian:Dalian University of Technology, 2019.

    LI Y W. Optimization of extraction process, structure analysis and antioxidant activity of Polygonatum polysaccharide by ultrahigh pressure[D]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2019.
    [31]
    SU K Y, LI Q, ZHAO S M, et al. Study on the hypoglycemic activity of black tea ultrahigh pressure and hot water extracts in vitro[J]. Food Science and Technology,2020,45(11):237−242.
    [32]
    COSCUETA E R, MALPIEDI L P, NERLI B B. Micellar systems of aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates as a sustainable alternative to extract soybean isoflavones[J]. Food Chemistry,2018,264:135−141. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.015
    [33]
    井凤, 刘峰, 刘伟. 超高压技术在中药有效成分提取中的应用[J]. 科学与管理,2016,36(4):63−66,73. [JING F, LIU F, LIU W. Application of ultra-high pressure technology in the extraction of effective components of traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Science and Management,2016,36(4):63−66,73.

    JING F, LIU F, LIU W. Application of ultra-high pressure technology in the extraction of effective components of traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Science and Management, 2016, 36（4）: 63−66,73.
    [34]
    蔺以柱, 陈有国, 熊德新. 万寿菊不同种植密度对比试验[J]. 农业科技通讯,2019(4):44−47. [LIN Y Z, CHEN Y G, XIONG D X. Comparative experiment of marigold with different planting densities[J]. Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology,2019(4):44−47.

    LIN Y Z, CHEN Y G, XIONG D X. Comparative experiment of marigold with different planting densities[J]. Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2019（4）: 44−47.
    [35]
    张圆圆. 黄花蒿中青蒿素的超高压胶束介质提取与口服药物递送系统研究[D]. 哈尔滨:东北林业大学, 2022. [ZHANG Y Y. Study on extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua by ultra-high pressure micelle medium and oral drug delivery system[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University, 2022.

    ZHANG Y Y. Study on extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua by ultra-high pressure micelle medium and oral drug delivery system[D]. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University, 2022.
    [36]
    吴微微. 两种高水溶性二氢槲皮素粉体的制备、表征和生物利用度研究[D]. 哈尔滨:东北林业大学, 2015. [WU W W. Preparation, characterization and bioavailability of two high water-soluble taxifolin powders[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University, 2015.

    WU W W. Preparation, characterization and bioavailability of two high water-soluble taxifolin powders[D]. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University, 2015.
    [37]
    王子剑. 甘草黄酮的提取纯化与水溶性纳米粒子的制备及评价[D]. 哈尔滨:东北林业大学, 2020. [WANG Z J. Extraction and purification of liquorice flavonoids and preparation and evaluation of water-soluble nanoparticles[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University, 2020.

    WANG Z J. Extraction and purification of liquorice flavonoids and preparation and evaluation of water-soluble nanoparticles[D]. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University, 2020.
    [38]
    AMER MEZIANE I, MAIZI N, ABATZOGLOU N, et al. Modelling and optimization of energy consumption in essential oil extraction processes[J]. Food and Bioproducts Processing,2020,119:373−389. doi: 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.11.018
    [39]
    ZHANG X P, CHENG X M. Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China[J]. Ecological Economics,2009,68(10):2706−2712. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.011
    [40]
    曾静静, 张志强, 曲建升, 等. 家庭碳排放计算方法分析评价[J]. 地理科学进展,2012,31(10):1341−1352. [ZENG J J, ZHANG Z Q, QU J S, et al. Analysis and evaluation of household carbon emission calculation methods[J]. Progress in Geography,2012,31(10):1341−1352.

    ZENG J J, ZHANG Z Q, QU J S, et al. Analysis and evaluation of household carbon emission calculation methods[J]. Progress in Geography, 2012, 31（10）: 1341−1352.
    [41]
    刘艳杰. 东北红豆杉中紫杉醇的提取和细菌纤维素基口服胶束的构建[D]. 哈尔滨: 东北林业大学, 2022. [LIU Y J. Extraction of Paclitaxel from Taxus cuspidata and construction of bacterial cellulose-based oral micelles[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University, 2022.

    LIU Y J. Extraction of Paclitaxel from Taxus cuspidata and construction of bacterial cellulose-based oral micelles[D]. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University, 2022.
    [42]
    WANG W, CHENG M, ZHANG W H, et al. Study on the technology of ultrahigh pressure extraction of the components from the pedicel of cicada flower[J]. Hans Journal of Food and Nutrition Science,2020,9:236. doi: 10.12677/HJFNS.2020.93031
    [43]
    YU J, WANG J, LIU C, et al. Application of response surface methodology to optimise supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.)[J]. International Journal of Food Science & Technology,2012,47(6):1115−1121.
    • Related Articles

  • Related Articles

    [1]CHEN Zhiling, MA Jian, WEN Bo, HUANG Wuyang, MA Yanhong. Optimization of Ultra-high Pressure Extraction and the Antioxidant Activity of Anthocyanins from Blueberry Pomace[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2022, 43(21): 185-194. DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022010180
    [2]NIU Shengyang, WANG Fengxuan, ZHANG Xiaoli, YU Linyu, SONG Jiaojiao, JIANG Jianfu. Optimization of Extraction Technology of Taxifolin from Fruit of Vitis davidii by Response Surface Methodology[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2022, 43(18): 170-176. DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2021110149
    [3]YANG Xiao-hui, GUO Jun. Optimization of Extraction Technology of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide by Ultrahigh Pressure Based on Response Surface Methodology[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2020, 41(17): 187-192. DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2020.17.031
    [4]PU Na-na, WANG Cheng-zhong, LI Dong-rong. Optimization of the Extraction of Chlorogenic Acid from Honeysuckle with Ultra-high Pressure Treatment by Response Surface Methodology[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2019, 40(5): 201-206. DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2019.05.033
    [5]KOU Ying-ying, TONG Qi-gen. Optimization of extraction process for Cinnamon gum by response surface methodology[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2018, 39(2): 156-162,167. DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2018.02.030
    [6]HUO Zong-qing, XU Wan-qing, LIU Yan-juan. Optimization of the extraction technology of polysaccharide in white hypsizygus marmoreus by response surface methodology[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2017, (22): 145-149. DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2017.22.029
    [7]YE Zhan, HU Chuan-rong, HU Wan-hua, LUO Zhi, HE Dong-ping. Optimization of tea polysaccharide extraction from teaseed meal by response surface methodology[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2015, (06): 230-234. DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2015.06.043
    [8]CHEN Lan, LI Xi-hong, WANG Teng-yue, HAO Mei-mei, MA Wen. Study on optimization of the extraction of total flavonoids from date seeds by response surface methodology[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2013, (24): 292-295. DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2013.24.031
    [9]Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of basil seed oils by response surface methodology[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2013, (05): 251-254. DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2013.05.039
    [10]Response surface optimization of extraction of polysaccharides from Lanzhou Lily[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2013, (05): 226-229. DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2013.05.019
    • Supplements (0)

  • Cited by

    Periodical cited type(1)

    1. 赵康妤，杨萍，马俊坤，舒文静，杨凤，谢伊莎，刘庆庆. 超声协同热处理对菜籽蛋白结构及溶解性的影响. 食品科学. 2025(01): 100-107 .

    Other cited types(0)

Catalog

    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML

    Article Metrics

    Article views (68) PDF downloads (9) Cited by(1)
    Address：No. 70, Shazikou Road, Yongding gate, BeijingPostcode：100101
    Tel：010-87244116 87244117Fax :010-87287944
    RSS Email Alert

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return