Abstract: Rosa roxburghii Tratt is a kind of wild fruit derived from the southwest of China, which mainly contains polysaccharide, flavonoids, superoxide dismutase (SOD), vitamin C (V_C), and has antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-atherosclerosis, prevention and treatment of diabetes, radiation protection and anti-apoptosis and other pharmacological effects. It was found that there were many studies on the active components of Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit, and the active components of Rosa roxburghii Tratt were mainly concentrated in the fruit, while the studies on the leaves and roots of Rosa roxburghii Tratt were less. The domestic literature mainly introduces the extraction and purification of the active ingredients of Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit, the health-care product of Rosa roxburghii Tratt and the pharmacological action of the Rosa roxburghii Tratt juice, and the foreign literature focuses on the research of the components, structure and pharmacological action of the active ingredients of the Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit. In this paper, the research progress of the main active components in the fruit of Rosa roxburghii Tratt is reviewed, and the extraction technology, composition, structure and various pharmacological effects of the active components are introduced in detail, which provide a reference for the application of Rosa roxburghii Tratt in functional food, dietary supplement and drug preparation.