Abstract: Aptamers are oligonucleotide molecules with strict specificities and high affinities. Aptamers have great potentialities in the fields such as food safety,clinical diagnosis,drug discovery and molecular testing,because of the good advantages such as simple preparation,wide range of targets,easy modification and no immunogenicity. Ocean is the largest water environment on Earth and the important source of human food and drugs,which has many marine creatures and marine bioactive substances. Due to the important effects of marine microorganisms and toxins on the marine environment and food safety,the present paper introduces the recent application of aptamers in marine microorganisms and marine toxins,which can provide the reference for the utilization of marine resources and the control of the food safety.