Research Progress on Preparation Technology and Flavor Characteristics of Cold Brew Coffee
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摘要: 冷萃咖啡是指用冷水或冰水浸泡或滴加至烘焙咖啡粉所得的具有咖啡风味的液体。近两年其线上的销售量呈爆发式增长,深受青年一代的喜爱。相比传统的热冲咖啡,冷萃咖啡具有更加顺滑的口感和更少的苦味。对冷萃咖啡制备技术、风味化学成分和感官特征的科学研究近年来才逐渐兴起,围绕以上三个研究切入点简单介绍了现有冷萃咖啡的基本类型,全面总结了冷萃咖啡制备及其风味改良的相关技术专利,并系统介绍了评价冷萃咖啡品质的常用指标和工艺参数,综述了冷萃咖啡感官描述和典型咖啡特征风味化合物,为冷萃咖啡的规模化生产和进一步推广提供理论参考和实践指导。Abstract: Cold brew coffee refers to coffee-flavored liquid obtained by steeping or dripping roasted coffee bean grounds with cold or iced water. Cold brew coffee is in trend and highly favored by the young generation, with its online sales bloomed in the past two years. Compared to traditional hot brew coffee, cold brew coffee is claimed to have a smoother mouth feel and less bitter taste. The scientific research on cold brew coffee preparation technology, chemical composition and sensory property has gradually sprung up in recent years. Basic types of cold brew coffee are introduced from the three above mentioned perspectives. Technical patents in relevant to cold brew coffee preparation and flavor enhancement, as well as the commonly used quality indicators and process parameters of cold brew coffee are comprehensively summarized. The sensory description and characteristic flavor compounds of cold brew coffee are reviewed. Valuable theoretical reference and practical guidance for large-scale cold brew coffee production and further promotion will be provided.
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Key words:
- cold brew coffee /
- sensory quality /
- influencing factors /
- flavor compounds /
- difference
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表 1 不同货架期延长技术对冷萃咖啡灭菌效果、贮藏期限及品质变化的影响
Table 1. Effect of different shelf life extension techniques on cold brew coffee microbial reduction, shelf life and quality change
处理技术 工艺参数 总菌数减少值(CFU/mL) 贮藏期限 品质变化(t0) 急速冷却[9] −18 ℃,60 min 881.7 7 d后显示出
微生物污染与未处理样品相比,绿原酸含量降低11%,总挥发性化合物含量显著降低至20.1 mg/kg(未处理样品24.6 mg/kg),具有水果香气的关键挥发性物质乙酸糠酯含量降低了25%,感官表现出强烈的酸味和咸味 紫外线照射[9] 25±5 ℃温度下,1 cm咖啡液在254 nm低压汞灯下照射 890.7 7 d后显示出
微生物污染pH4.98±0.02,显著高于未处理和其他处理样品,
风味感知与未处理样品较相似微滤[9] 1500 g/m2,5 μm标称截止过滤,600 mL/min流速 990 30 d后显示出超过微生物接受限度的霉菌存在(103 CFU/mL) 与未处理样品相比,具有麦芽香气的关键挥发性物质2-甲基丁醛含量降低了20%,感官表现出强烈的苦味 巴氏杀菌[9] 65 ℃,30 min >995 四个月 与未处理样品在pH、咖啡因、绿原酸和挥发性风味物质含量差异不显著,风味感知与未处理样品较相似 高压处理[9] 200 s加压到608 MPa,
保持6 min>995 四个月 与未处理样品在pH、咖啡因、绿原酸和挥发性风味物质含量差异不显著,风味感知与未处理样品较相似 表 2 基于新型食品加工技术(不含装备)的冷萃咖啡风味改良国内外专利汇总
Table 2. Summary of domestic and foreign patents for flavor improvement of cold brew coffee based on new food processing technology (excluding equipment)
编号 国别 专利申请号 申请/公开年份 专利名称 申请单位/申请人 专利信息概述 法律状态 1 中国 CN201610421797.1 2016/2016 一种高品质咖啡浓缩液的生产方法 大闽食品(漳州)
有限公司采用逆流冷萃、冷冻浓缩结合CO2
填充等非热加工技术。已授权 2 欧洲 EP2017064021W 2017/2017 A nitrogen infused high yield soluble coffee and methods thereof Nestec SA [CH] 注入氮的高产率咖啡HYC,脱水碳水化合物含量在25%~42%w/w之间。 已授权 3 美国 US201716462297A 2017/2022 Roast and ground coffee powder and methods of making thereof Nestec SA [CH] 涉及烘焙和研磨,在5 min内制备出
冷萃咖啡。已授权 4 中国 CN201810497357.3 2018/2018 不同咖啡萃取方式特
征标志物及其筛选方
法与应用中国农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所 液相色谱-质谱技术应用于咖啡冲泡
方式的鉴别。已授权 5 美国 US201816004448A 2018/2020 Cold brew compositions and methods Ewing Todd [US] 混合冷水、咖啡豆、甜味剂和用作乳液稳定剂的膳食纤维;研磨混合物0.5~3.0 min,风味和颜色同时溶进水相。 已授权 6 中国 CN201911405499.3 2019/2020 一种天然产物的脉冲压力冷萃方法 中国农业大学 脉冲压力冷萃技术,提取不同极性
天然产物。实质审查生效 7 欧洲 EP19204121A 2019/2021 Cold-brew coffee extracts and methods of producing the same Master cold brewer
Ag [CH]咖啡豆加入低温水形成悬浮液,分多步湿磨至平均粒径小于100 μm,取液相得冷泡咖啡提取物;提取时间短至几分钟。 进入欧洲阶段 8 中国 CN202010129738.3 2020/2020 一种高香速溶冷萃咖啡粉的制备方法 大闽食品(漳州)
有限公司投料至柱式保温高压萃取罐,进行分段萃取,收集头道液和末道液混合,经冻干过筛到高香速溶冷萃咖啡粉。 实质审查生效 9 中国 CN202010837229.6 2020/2021 冰滴冷萃植物原料萃取液的萃取方法及其应用 优特比咖啡(天津)
有限公司用低温水以每分钟40~120滴匀速滴滤研磨颗粒,萃取用时8~12 h。 实质审查生效 10 中国 CN202011122555.5 2020/2021 一种冷萃咖啡的制备
方法苏州金猫咖啡
有限公司用低温水连续负压萃取预湿的咖啡粉。 实质审查生效 11 中国 CN202011121669.8 2020/2021 一种冷萃冷冻咖啡粉的制备方法 苏州金猫咖啡
有限公司用低温水连续负压萃取预湿的咖啡粉,
浓缩所得咖啡液,冻干。实质审查生效 12 中国 CN202011469741.6 2020/2021 一种冷萃方法 魔饮咖啡(青岛)
有限公司多次喷洒水,控制时间和水量达到传统冷萃工艺的效果。 实质审查生效 13 中国 CN202110842969.3 2021/2021 使用温和高压快速制备冷萃咖啡的方法 中国农业大学 咖啡粉注入低温水,置于高压二氧化碳
容器进行处理。实质审查生效 14 韩国 KR20210101184A 2021/2021 Method for producing supercritical cold brew coffee with flavor 송현 咖啡豆泡在150 bar压力处理的水中
5 min后,再经10 min超临界合成
二氧化碳处理。已授权 表 3 基于原料复配改良冷萃咖啡风味的国内外专利汇总
Table 3. Summary of domestic and foreign patents based on compounding of raw materials to improve the flavor of cold brew coffee
编号 国别 专利申请号 申请/公开年份 专利名称 申请单位/申请人 专利信息概述 法律状态 1 韩国 KR20140032076A 2014/2016 Manufacturing method of dutch coffee with blueberry extract 이준화 添加蓝莓花色苷,味道和香气均衡协调,添加皂角,长期保管不会产生沉淀。 已授权 2 韩国 KR20140067290A 2014/2016 Manufacturing method
of dutch coffee가톨릭관동대학교산학협력단 将海洋深层水作为萃取溶剂制成
冷萃咖啡,加入碱性离子水,长期
保存风味不变。已授权 3 韩国 KR20150052085A 2015/2015 Manufacturing method
of coffee podwer using sambung nyawaHaslla art world Co [KR] 含有平卧绞股蓝,保持咖啡原有味道和香气,比一般咖啡更能感受到柔和、丰富的味道和香气。 已授权 4 中国 CN201910575314.7 2019/2019 一种薄荷咖啡的配制方法 深圳春沐源控股
有限公司添加新鲜薄荷叶研磨成的薄荷汁,
使得咖啡口感不局限于香醇浓厚。实质审查生效 5 中国 CN202022465805.7 2020/2021 含有茯苓提取物的高浓度咖啡饮料萃取装置 杭州俐生美健康科技
有限公司含有茯苓提取物的高浓度咖啡
饮料萃取装置。已授权 6 中国 CN202110539476.2 2021/2021 一种抗疲劳功能性风味冷萃咖啡及其制备方法 普洱丰华联合实业发展有限责任公司 以咖啡豆和酶解红枣汁为主要原料,
兼具咖啡和红枣汁风味。实质审查生效 7 中国 CN202110160586.8 2021/2021 一种芝士咖啡的制备方法 上海亮靓生物科技
有限公司芝士和其它辅料及咖啡在冷萃低温
中结合成萃取液,水融性好。实质审查生效 8 中国 CN202111108108.9 2021/2022 一种具有保健功效的咖啡饮品及其制备方法 上海应用技术大学 咖啡萃取物2份、中草药40份、
净化水200份和功能低聚糖1份。实质审查生效 表 4 冷萃与热冲提取对咖啡特征挥发性风味物质含量的影响
Table 4. Effect of cold and hot brew on coffee characteristic volatile flavor compounds
CAS 化合物 感官描述[9, 43-45] 香气活性值OAV[9] 品种 含量(mg/100 mL;mg/kg*) 冷萃咖啡 热冲咖啡 吡嗪类 109-08-0 2-甲基吡嗪 酚类(phenolic)、烟味(smoky)、香料味(spicy) / 阿拉比卡 0.11~0.20[33]、0.43×10−2~1.49×10−2[38] 0.30~0.40[33] 13925-00-3 2-乙基吡嗪 坚果味(nutty)、霉味(musty)、烘焙味(roasted) / 阿拉比卡 0.48×10−1~0.74×10−1[33] 1.13×10−1~2.05×10−1[33] 123-32-0 2,5-二甲基吡嗪 坚果味(nutty)、可可味(cocoa) >1 阿拉比卡 1.89*[9]、1.0×10−2~3.95×10−2[36] 1.0×10−2~3.22×10−2[36] 108-50-9 2,6-二甲基吡嗪 可可味(cocoa)、烘焙味(roasted)、坚果味(nutty)、霉味(musty) / 阿拉比卡 0.26~0.48[33]、0.81×10−2~2.29×10−2[38] 0.93~0.95[33] 5910-89-4 2,3-二甲基吡嗪 坚果味(nutty)、可可味(cocoa)、烘焙味(roasted)、焦糖味(caramel) / 阿拉比卡 0.11×10−1~0.21×10−1[33] 0.35×10−1~0.38×10−1[33] 13238-84-1 2,5-二乙基吡嗪 坚果味(nutty)、榛果味(hazelnut) / 阿拉比卡 0.6×10−3~2.9×10−3[38] / 15707-23-0 2-乙基-3-甲基吡嗪 坚果味(nutty)、花生味(peanuts) / 阿拉比卡 0.8×10−3~4.5×10−3[36]、0.33×10−2~1.08×10−2[38] 1.3×10−3~3.6×10−3[36] 13925-09-2 2-甲基-6-乙烯基吡嗪 榛果味(hazelnut) / 阿拉比卡 0.28×10−1[33] / 13925-03-6 2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪 烘焙味(roasted)、榛果味(hazelnut) / 阿拉比卡 0.15~0.28[33] 0.44~0.55[33] 13360-65-1 3,6-可可吡嗪 可可味(cocoa)、烘焙味(roasted)、坚果味(nutty)、榛果味(hazelnut) / 阿拉比卡 0.14~0.32[33]、0.3×10−2~1.54×10−2[38] 0.42~0.55[33] 13925-07-0 3,5-可可吡嗪 烧焦味(burnt)、烘焙味(roasted)、杏仁味(almond)、甜的(sweet)、坚果味(nutty)、焦糖味(caramel)、可可味(cocoa) / 阿拉比卡 0.5×10−3~2.3×10−3[38] / 23747-48-0 5-甲基-6,7-二氢-5H-环戊并
吡嗪泥土味(earthy)、烘焙味(roasted)、花生味(peanuts)、坚果味(nutty)、霉味(musty) / 阿拉比卡 0.19×10−1~0.37×10−1[33]、0.3×10−3~1.5×10−3[38] 0.49×10−1~0.52×10−1[33] 14667-55-1 2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪 泥土味(earthy) >1 阿拉比卡 2.16*[9]、0.21~0.40[33] 0.75[33] 71257-37-9 3,4-二氢-吡咯并[1,2-a]吡嗪 / / 阿拉比卡 0.28×10−1[33] / 22047-26-3 2-甲基-6-乙酰吡嗪 烘焙味(roasted)、可可味(cocoa) / 阿拉比卡 0.16×10−1~0.20×10−1[33] 0.30×10−1~0.32×10−1[33] 18217-82-8 2-甲基-5-[(E)-1-烯丙基]吡嗪 / / 阿拉比卡 0.21×10−1~0.34×10−1[33] 0.32×10−1~0.46×10−1[33] 98-96-4 吡嗪酰胺 / / 阿拉比卡 0.10×10−1~0.14×10−1[33] / 呋喃类 110-00-9 呋喃 像醚的味道(ethereal) / 阿拉比卡 1.01×10−3~2.37×10−3[35] / 98-00-0 糠醇 面包味(bread-like)、焦糖味(caramel) >1 阿拉比卡 4.94*[9]、0.811×10−1~2.259×10−1[36]
0.6×10−2~1.91×10−2[38]0.836×10−1~2.211×10−1[36] 534-22-5 2-甲基呋喃 烟味(smoky)、香料味(spicy) >1 阿拉比卡 0.58*[9]、1.1×10−3~5.7×10−3[36] 0.4×10−3~2.6×10−3[36] 3208-16-0 2-乙基呋喃 化工的(chemical)、像醚的味道(ethereal)、麦芽糖(malty) / 阿拉比卡 0.03~0.08[33] / 625-86-5 2,5-二甲基呋喃 烟味(smoky)、香料味(spicy) / 阿拉比卡 0.03*[9] / 10599-69-6 2-甲基-5-丙酰呋喃 榛果味(hazelnut)、绿色植物味(green) / 阿拉比卡 0.12×10−1~0.16×10−1[33]、1.0×10−4~2.4×10−3[38] / 623-17-6 乙酸糠酯 水果味(fruity) >1 阿拉比卡 0.80*[9]、0.31×10−1[33]、2.95×10−2~6.03×10−2[36] 1.98×10−2~4.38×10−2[36] 3188-00-9 2-甲基二氢-3(2H)-呋喃酮 甜的(sweet)、黄油味(buttery)、坚果味(nutty) / 阿拉比卡 0.13×10−1~0.30×10−1[33] 0.44×10−1~0.51×10−1[33] 3777-71-7 2-庚基呋喃 绿色植物味(green)、坚果味(nutty)、烘焙味(roasted) / 阿拉比卡 0.15×10−1~0.37×10−1[33] / 4412-91-3 3-呋喃甲醇 / / 阿拉比卡 0.73~1.09[33] 1.50~1.62[33] 1192-62-7 2-乙酰基呋喃 甜的(sweet)、杏仁味(almond)、焦糖味(caramel)、可可味(cocoa) / 阿拉比卡 0.83×10−1~1.47×10−1[33] 0.23~0.26[33] 3194-15-8 2-丙酰基呋喃 水果味(fruity) / 阿拉比卡 0.02[33] 0.52×10−1~1.01×10−1[33] 4466-24-4 2-丁基呋喃 甜的(sweet)、水果味(fruity) / 阿拉比卡 0.25×10−1~0.50×10−1[33] 0.66×10−1~1.10×10−1[33] 98-01-1 糠醛 甜的(sweet)、杏仁味(almond)、木质味(woody)、坚果味(nutty)、涩口的焦糖味(caramellic with a burnt astringent nuance) / 阿拉比卡 0.26~0.50[33]、0.377×10−1~2.484×10−1[36]、0.32×10−2~3.54×10−2[38] 0.84~1.07[33]、0.37×10−1~1.837×10−1[36] 620-02-0 5-甲基呋喃醛 香料味(spicy)、焦糖味(caramel)、枫糖味(maple) / 阿拉比卡 0.64~1.05[33]、1.86×10−2~4.90×10−2[36]、0.52×10−2~3.23×10−2[38] 2.09~2.13[33]、1.83×10−2~3.59×10−2[36] 10410-20-5 2-(1-羟基-1-甲基-2-氧代丙基)-2,5-二甲基呋喃-3(2H)-酮 / / 阿拉比卡 0.13×10−1~0.17×10−1[33] / 13679-46-4 甲基糠基醚 烘焙咖啡味(roastedcoffee) / 阿拉比卡 0.40*[9] / 1438-91-1 糠基甲基硫醚 烘焙味(roasted)、烧焦味(burnt) / 阿拉比卡 0.12*[9] / 4437-22-3 二糠基醚 坚果味(nutty)、泥土味(earthy) / 阿拉比卡 0.24×10−1~0.82×10−1[33]、0.6×10−3~6.6×10−3[38] 0.73×10−1~1.19×10−1[33] 醛类 122-78-1 苯乙醛 甜味(sweet)、花香味(floral) / 阿拉比卡 0.10×10−1[33] 0.22×10−1~0.44×10−1[33] 96-17-3 2-甲基丁醛 麦芽糖(malty) >1 阿拉比卡 3.75*[9]、0.14×10−1~0.50×10−1[33] 0.52×10−1~0.56×10−1[33] 590-86-3 3-甲基丁醛 麦芽糖(malty) >1 阿拉比卡 0.73*[9]、0.08×10−1~0.38×10−1[33]、1.59×10−2~5.62×10−2[36] 0.32×10−1~0.40×10−1[33]、0.28×10−2~2.65×10−2[36] 66-25-1 正己醛 蔬菜味(vegetable)、绿色植物味(green) >1 阿拉比卡 1.44*[9] / 124-19-6 壬醛 玫瑰花味(rose)、新鲜的(fresh)、橙子味(orange)、椰子味(coconut)、坚果味(nutty)、生的(raw) / 阿拉比卡 0.00~8×10−4[38] / 酮类 600-14-6 2,3-戊二酮 黄油味(buttery)、焦糖味(caramel) >1 阿拉比卡 3.84*[9]、0.16×10−1~0.49×10−1[33]、1.28×10−2~5.16×10−2[36] 0.78×10−1~1.10×10−1[33]、1.51×10−2~3.12×10−2[36] 699-83-2 2,6-二羟基苯乙酮 / / 阿拉比卡 0.12~0.27[33] / 75-97-8 3,3-二甲基-2-丁酮 / / 阿拉比卡 0.54×10−1[33] / 592-20-1 乙酸基丙酮 水果味(fruity)、黄油味(buttery)、坚果味(nutty) / 阿拉比卡 0.30×10−1~0.52×10−1[33] 1.00×10−1[33] 875-59-2 4-羟基-2-甲基苯乙酮 / / 阿拉比卡 0.15~0.35[33] 0.68~0.68[33] 1575-57-1 1-乙酰氧基-2-丁酮 / / 阿拉比卡 0.15×10−1~0.19×10−1[33] 0.38×10−1[33] 23726-93-4 大马士酮 水果味(fruity) >1 阿拉比卡 0.03*[9] / 78-93-3 丁酮 化工的(chemical)、水果味(fruity) / 阿拉比卡 3.3*[9] / 431-03-8 2,3-丁二酮 黄油味(buttery) / 阿拉比卡 0.8×10−3~8.9×10−3[36] 2.5×10−3~5.4×10−3[36] 21835-01-8 乙基环戊烯醇酮 甜的(sweet)、焦糖味(caramel)、枫糖味(maple)、水果味(fruity)、坚果味(nutty) / 阿拉比卡 3×10−4~9×10−4[38] / 38284-27-4 (3E,5E)-辛-3,5-二烯-2-酮 水果味(fruity) / 阿拉比卡 0.2×10−3~1.9×10−3[38] / 34598-80-6 2,4-二甲基环戊烷-1,3-二酮 / / 阿拉比卡 0.12[33] / 5751-48-4 2-甲基色原酮 / / 阿拉比卡 0.14×10−1[33] / 酯类 547-65-9 2-甲烯基丁内酯 / / 阿拉比卡 0.17×10−1[33] 0.22×10−1[33] 36760-43-7 叔丁基苯基硫基甲酸酯 / / 阿拉比卡 0.43×10−1~0.57×10−1[33] 1.17×10−1~1.47×10−1[33] 79-20-9 乙酸甲酯 像醚的味道(ethereal)、水果味(fruity)、甜的(sweet) / 阿拉比卡 0.35×10−1[33] / 6203-89-0 2,6-二甲基-1-环己烯-1-乙酸酯 / / 阿拉比卡 0.42×10−1[33] / 13290-00-1 N-(2-呋喃基)甘氨酸甲酯 / / 阿拉比卡 0.36×10−1[33] / 7779-73-9 异戊酸异龙脑酯 木质味(woody) / 阿拉比卡 0.25×10−1[33] / 119-36-8 柳酸甲酯 甜的(sweet)、焦糖味(caramel)、杏仁味(almond) / 阿拉比卡 2.19×10−2~3.15×10−2[38] / 碳氢类 3891-99-4 2,6,10-三甲基十三烷 / / 阿拉比卡 0.07×10−1~0.28×10−1[33] 0.22×10−1~0.40×10−1[33] 1921-70-6 2,6,10,14-四甲基十五烷 / / 阿拉比卡 0.16×10−1~0.36×10−1[33] 0.62×10−1[33] 96-37-7 甲基环戊烷 / / 阿拉比卡 0.33×10−1~0.99×10−1[33] 1.12×10−1~1.82×10−1[33] 4634-87-1 2,6-二甲基-2,4-庚二烯 / / 阿拉比卡 0.24×10−1~0.26×10−1[33] / 55401-75-7 9-十二烷基十四氢蒽 / / 阿拉比卡 0.51×10−1[33] 0.97×10−1[33] 醇类 98-55-5 α-松油醇 丁香味(clove)、木质味(woody)、花香(floral) / 阿拉比卡 0.14×10−1~0.30×10−1[33] 0.25×10−1[33] 78-70-6 芳樟醇 花香(floral)、甜的(sweet) / 阿拉比卡 0.19×10−1~0.57×10−1[33] 0.30×10−1~0.84×10−1[33] 768-95-6 1-金刚醇 / / 阿拉比卡 0.29×10−1~0.63×10−1[33] 0.92×10−1~0.94×10−1[33] 60-12-8 苯乙醇 花香(floral)、玫瑰花味(rose) / 阿拉比卡 0.48×10−1~0.64×10−1[33] / 543-49-7 2-庚醇 柠檬(lemon)、青草味(grass) / 阿拉比卡 0.24×10−1[33] / 14003-34-0 3-甲基-3-喹诺醇 / / 阿拉比卡 0.14×10−1[33] / 1075-04-3 1-苯基-1,2-丙二醇 / / 阿拉比卡 0.68×10−1~0.93×10−1[33] / 酸类 503-74-2 异戊酸 酸味(sour) / 阿拉比卡 0.14[33] 0.09[33] 112-05-0 壬酸 绿色植物味(green)、酸味(sour) / 阿拉比卡 0.3×10−3~8.3×10−3[38] / 143-07-7 月桂酸 椰子味(coconut) / 阿拉比卡 2×10−4~6×10−4[38] / 544-63-8 肉豆蔻酸 椰子味(coconut) / 阿拉比卡 0.00~1×10−4[38] / 334-48-5 癸酸 酸味(sour)、水果味(fruity) / 阿拉比卡 0.00~6×10−4[38] / 硫醚类 624-92-0 二甲基二硫醚 蔬菜味(vegetable) / 阿拉比卡 1×10−4~9×10−4[36] 0.1×10−3~6×10−3[36] 酚类 108-95-2 苯酚 酚类(phenolic)、橡胶味(rubber) / 阿拉比卡 0.89×10−1~1.19×10−1[33]、0.7×10−3~3.9×10−3[38] / 118-71-8 麦芽酚 甜的(sweet)、焦糖味(caramel)、水果味(fruity) / 阿拉比卡 1.3×10−3~6.5×103[38] / 90-05-1 愈创木酚 烟味(smoky)、酚类(phenolic) >1 阿拉比卡 0.48*[9]、0.18~0.19[33]、1×10−3~5.7×10−3[38] 0.25~0.49[33] 7786-61-0 4-乙烯基愈创木酚 木质味(woody)、口干的(mouthdrying)、烘焙味(roasted)、
丁香味(clove)/ 阿拉比卡 1×10−4~5×10−4[36]、1×10−4~3.5×10−3[38] 1×10−4~4×10−4[36] 96-76-4 2,4-二叔丁基苯酚 酚类(phenolic) / 阿拉比卡 0.58×10−2~1.19×10−2[38] / 1138-52-9 3,5-二叔丁基苯酚 / / 阿拉比卡 0.37×10−1[33] 0.67×10−1[33] 2785-89-9 4-乙基愈创木酚 酚类(phenolic)、烟味(smoky)、木质味(woody)、丁香味(clove) / 阿拉比卡 0.27[33]、0.13×10−2~1.73×10−2[38] 0.30~0.37[33] 108-39-4 间甲酚 药味(medicinal)、木质味(woody)、酚类(phenolic) / 阿拉比卡 2×10−4~8×10−4[38] / 95-48-7 邻甲酚 霉味(musty)、酚类(phenolic) / 阿拉比卡 0.39×10−1~0.51×10−1[33] / 106-44-5 对甲酚 酚类(phenolic) / 阿拉比卡 0.37×10−1[33] 1.13×10−1[33] 杂环类 1438-94-4 1-糠基吡咯 蔬菜味(vegetable)、绿色植物味(green) >1 阿拉比卡 0.07*[9]、0.26×10−1~0.47×10−1[33]、0.1×10−3~1.7×10−3[38] / 86688-96-2 (吡咯-3-基)-乙酸 / / 阿拉比卡 0.27×10−1~1.22×10−1[33] / 1003-29-8 2-吡咯甲醛 可可味(cocoa)、坚果味(nutty)、烘焙味(roasted)、霉味(musty) / 阿拉比卡 0.24×10−1~0.28×10−1[33]、1.7×10−3~5.3×10−3[38] / 1192-58-1 N-甲基-2-吡咯甲醛 坚果味(nutty)、烘焙味(roasted) / 阿拉比卡 0.16~0.30[33] 0.43[33] 19713-89-4 3,4-二甲基-1H-吡咯-2-羧醛 / / 阿拉比卡 0.26×10−1~0.40×10−1[33] 1.43×10−1[33] 932-16-1 2-乙酰基-1-甲基吡咯 坚果味(nutty) / 阿拉比卡 0.02*[9]、0.1×10−3~3.9×10−3[38] / 1072-83-9 2-乙酰基吡咯 霉味(musty)、樱桃味(cherry)、坚果味(nutty) / 阿拉比卡 0.11~0.19[33]、1.6×10−3~6.7×10−3[38] 0.85×10−1~2.74×10−1[33] 110-86-1 吡啶 酸味(sour)、陈腐味(stale) / 阿拉比卡 0.41~1.15[33]、0.508×10−1~1.695×10−1[38] 1.21~1.66[33] 536-78-7 3-乙基吡啶 烟味(tobacco)、焦糖味(caramel)、烘焙味(roasted)、榛果味(hazelnut) / 阿拉比卡 0.09×10−2~1.11×10−2[38] / 67402-83-9 1-(1(4H)-吡啶基)乙酮 / / 阿拉比卡 0.2×10−3~1.0×10−3[38] / 6380-23-0 3,4-二甲氧基苯乙烯 绿色植物味(green)、花香(floral)、木质味(woody)、
水果味(fruity)/ 阿拉比卡 0.20×10−1~0.48×10−1[33]、0.1×10−3~1.0×10−3[38] 0.55×10−1~0.84×10−1[33] 491-36-1 4-羟基喹唑啉 / 阿拉比卡 0.19×10−1~0.50×10−1[33] 0.56×10−1[33] 注:通常认为香气活性值(Odor activity value,OAV)大于1代表对样品风味有贡献;“/”表示在参考文献中未查询到。 表 5 冷萃与热冲对咖啡特征非挥发性风味物质含量的影响
Table 5. Effect of cold and hot brew on coffee characteristic nonvolatile flavor compounds
CAS 化合物 品种 含量 冷萃咖啡 热冲咖啡 58-08-2 咖啡因 阿拉比卡 121~123a[51]、94~142a[32]、75~80a[64]、6050~7900b[36]、56~60a[33] 80~82a[32]、83~85a[64]、6010~7700b[36]、64~68a[33] 罗布斯塔 167~175a[51] / 未知 59~97a[38] / 535-83-1 葫芦巴碱 阿拉比卡 107~108a[51]、53~68a[32]、51~55a[64]、5200~6870b[36]、31~50a[33] 46~47a[32]、55~56a[64]、5230~6450b[36]、49~54a[33] 罗布斯塔 58a[51] / 未知 11~33a[38] / 906-33-2 5-咖啡酰奎宁酸 阿拉比卡 48~79a[32]、40~42a[64]、2270~2940b[36] 39~43a[32]、43a[64]、2290~2790b[36] 905-99-7 4-咖啡酰奎宁酸 阿拉比卡 30~48a[32]、34~35a[64]、2810~3700b[36] 24~27a[32]、36a[64]、2780~3530b[36] 327-97-9 绿原酸 阿拉比卡 6780~8970b[36]、125~137a[33] 6950~8710b[36]、129~153a[33] 未知 10~25a[38] / 67-47-0 5-羟甲基糠醛 阿拉比卡 490~720b[36] 500~690b[36] 149-91-7 没食子酸 阿拉比卡 230~490b[36] 260~440b[36] 注:a:mg/100 mL;b:mg/kg;“/”表示在参考文献中未查询到。 -
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